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While heart rate (HR) and its variability (HRV) may provide non\u2010invasive proxies of cardiac vagal activity, transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has yielded mixed effects, with limited research on right branch stimulation. In a randomized crossover study with 36 healthy participants, we investigated taVNS effects on HR and HRV indexed by SDRR, RMSSD, HF\u2010HRV, and LF\/HF ratio. To assess the impact of the stimulation side (left vs. right ear) on cardiovascular indices and interaction with the physiological state, we recorded electrocardiograms in four sessions per person, covering three session phases: baseline, during stimulation (taVNS vs. sham), and post\u2010milkshake consumption with stimulation. First, we found moderate evidence against taVNS affecting HR (BF\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.21). Second, taVNS decreased HRV (multivariate\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.004) independent of physiological state, with strong evidence for RMSSD (BF\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u200915.11) and HF\u2010HRV (BF\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u200911.80). Third, taVNS\u2010induced changes were comparable across sides and stronger than sham, indicating consistent cardiovascular effects independent of the stimulation side. We conclude that taVNS reduces HRV as indexed by RMSSD, HF\u2010HRV, and SDRR without altering HR, contradicting the assumption that taVNS per se increases cardiovagal activity as indexed by increased HRV due to stimulating vagal afferents. Instead, our results support the role of vagal afferent activation in arousal. Crucially, taVNS on both sides can safely modulate the cardiovascular system without increasing the risk of bradycardia or causing adverse events in healthy participants, offering new treatment possibilities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T02:10:15Z","timestamp":1740535815000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Non\u2010Invasive Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Decreases Heart Rate Variability Independent of Caloric Load"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2322-1204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin","family":"Kaduk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, T\u00fcbingen Center for Mental Health University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Petrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, T\u00fcbingen Center for Mental Health University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie J.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, T\u00fcbingen Center for Mental Health University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1009-9625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Koenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne University of Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9552-3781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils B.","family":"Kroemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, T\u00fcbingen Center for Mental Health University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Section of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine University of Bonn  Bonn 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