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However, evidence for the LC\u2013NA hypothesis is mixed, and investigations in different sensory modalities are lacking. This study investigated whether continuous taVNS enhances standard NA markers along with neural processing in three sensory modalities (auditory, respiratory, and somatosensory). In a 2\u2010day Sham\u2010controlled crossover protocol, 45 healthy adults received taVNS at the\n                    <jats:italic>cymba concha<\/jats:italic>\n                    and Sham stimulation at the earlobe. During stimulation, participants experienced paired auditory clicks, inspiratory occlusions, and electrocutaneous stimuli, while EEG was acquired. Salivary alpha\u2010amylase (sAA) and subjective experienced arousal were measured at pre\u2013\/end\u2010stimulation. Resting\u2010state EEG was measured pre\u2013\/poststimulation to assess alpha\u2010band (8\u201313\u2009Hz) oscillation power, and participants rated the intensity and unpleasantness of all stimuli. Auditory\u2010, respiratory\u2010related\u2010, and somatosensory evoked potentials were measured, specifically P50, N1, and P2 components, as well as the P50\/N1 amplitude difference of the second and the first stimulus in the pair (neural gating; S2\u2013S1). Although no effects in P50 or N1 amplitudes were observed, P2 amplitudes in auditory and somatosensory blocks increased during taVNS. Self\u2010reported arousal increased in the taVNS condition, with no effects on neural gating, sAA concentration, or resting\u2010state alpha power. taVNS had no effect on self\u2010reported intensity\/unpleasantness of stimuli. These results highlight certain limitations posed by combining taVNS and EEG and underline the need for further mechanistic taVNS research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:58:24Z","timestamp":1743037104000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Continuous Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Increases Long\u2010Latency Neural Processing in Multiple Sensory Modalities"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7588-3720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Jelin\u010di\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Health Psychology, Department of Psychology KU Leuven  Leuven 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