{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:58:20Z","timestamp":1787500700166,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The mechanism underlying transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS) as a non\u2010invasive neuromodulation technique has garnered considerable attention in recent years. However, the effects of anodal tPCS (a\u2010tPCS) at low frequencies remain unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the a\u2010tPCS effects at 0.5, 1, 3, and 5\u2009Hz on cortical outcomes and its adverse side effects. This double\u2010blinded, randomized, counterbalanced crossover trial included 18 healthy young participants who completed five experimental sessions with 2\u2009mA of a\u2010tPCS for 20\u2009min in a randomized order of frequencies (0.5, 1, 3, and 5\u2009Hz). Single\u2010pulse and paired\u2010pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on the left primary motor cortex (M1) was delivered before and immediately after the stimulation at rest. Sessions were spaced at least 48\u2009h apart to minimize carry\u2010over effects. The results indicated that a single session of a\u2010tPCS at frequencies of 1, 3, and 5\u2009Hz significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) enhanced corticospinal excitability (CSE), while 0.5\u2009Hz decreased CSE compared to sham stimulation. The CSE changes at 1 and 5\u2009Hz were associated with increased intracortical facilitation (ICF), with reduced adverse effects observed at higher frequencies. In contrast, the cortical effects of 0.5\u2009Hz were linked to increased short intracortical inhibition (SICI) with minimal side effects. However, all frequencies except 0.5\u2009Hz were associated with phosphenes or flashing lights during stimulation. Given the similar effects of a\u2010tPCS with other pulsatile current stimulation, it is plausible that tPCS could serve as a complementary or superior alternative to TMS, particularly for at\u2010risk and diverse patient populations. However, this claim needs further comparative studies before suggesting clinical superiority for epilepsy and neuro\u2010rehabilitation. Furthermore, like other neuromodulation techniques, tPCS shows potential as an affordable, home\u2010based treatment option. Further research is needed to establish the efficacy of tPCS relative to TMS methodologies through rigorous experimental testing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:24:55Z","timestamp":1750119895000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigating the Effects of Anodal Transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation at Low Frequencies (0.5 to 5\u2009Hz) on Corticospinal and Corticocortical Excitability"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1546-2817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Malekahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit (MNRU), Department of Physiotherapy Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashlyn","family":"Frazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit (MNRU), Department of Physiotherapy Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Zoghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Physiotherapy Federation University  Ballarat Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2957-4510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shapour","family":"Jaberzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit (MNRU), Department of Physiotherapy Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-024-00825-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","volume-title":"TMS and Threshold Hunting","author":"Awiszus F.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-022-02533-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040061"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710001690"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.106962"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.5.1398"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-980X(97)00036-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14916"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2020.0949"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.06.712"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60659-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21221"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131779"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2012.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780197649176.003.0013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00518-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019912"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.06.298"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.106860"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.06.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00377"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14521"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0365-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858414526645"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2923724"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","volume-title":"Clinical Electromyography: Nerve Conduction Studies","author":"Oh S. 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