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However, variability in how individuals respond to loneliness can shape health outcomes. Here, we explored whether loneliness is related to perceptions of support and strain given in family and friend relationships. Specifically, we assessed whether resting high\u2010frequency heart rate variability (HF\u2010HRV), a measure of parasympathetic nervous system activity that has been linked to emotion regulation and flexible adaptation, moderates self\u2010evaluation of support and strain given. Participants from the Midlife Development in the US (MIDUS) dataset who had measures of loneliness, perceived support given, and perceived strain given in relationships, and resting HF\u2010HRV were included in the current study. Loneliness was associated with decreased support and increased strain given in both family and friend relationships. Resting HF\u2010HRV showed a trend\u2010level moderation of the association between loneliness and perceived strain given to family, with the relationship being stronger for individuals with lower resting HF\u2010HRV. No moderation was observed for strain given to friends. These results indicate that loneliness is linked to more negative self\u2010evaluations of social support and strain, and that resting HF\u2010HRV may partly buffer these effects in family relationships.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T07:14:28Z","timestamp":1752131668000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Loneliness Is Associated With Decreased Support and Increased Strain Given in Social Relationships"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2456-1481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily M.","family":"Kent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1185-8873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Restrepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7394-071X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly E.","family":"Faig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Hamilton College  Clinton New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4427-4682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Raja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9293-9792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie J.","family":"Dimitroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Montana  Missoula Montana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6689-7346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Rutgers University \u2013 Newark  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2899-3238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greg J.","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.05.110174.001545"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2017.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.01.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2014.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201075712\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.976443"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bierman K. 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