{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T10:13:59Z","timestamp":1785752039050,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["438203225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["438203225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) has been associated with altered performance monitoring, reflected in enhanced amplitudes of the error\u2010related negativity in the event\u2010related potential. However, this is not specific to OCD, as overactive error processing is also evident in anxiety. Although similar neural mechanisms have been proposed for error and feedback processing, it remains unclear whether the processing of errors as indexed by external feedback, reflected in the feedback\u2010related negativity (FRN), is altered in OCD. Likewise, it is currently unknown whether performance monitoring in OCD differs between learning from self\u2010performed and observed outcomes. The present study compared OCD patients (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200927) with healthy controls (HCs;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200927) and patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200929) in an active and observational variant of a probabilistic feedback learning task while EEG was recorded. Compared to HCs, OCD patients showed generally impaired task performance across both active and observational learning, as well as more indecisive choice behavior. This was accompanied by generally more positive amplitudes of the FRN, with enhanced valence coding for active compared to observational learning, driven by more positive FRN amplitudes for wins. However, no differences were found for losses. Overall, these results suggest deficient reward\u2014rather than punishment\u2014processing in OCD. Similar performance monitoring alterations in OCD and SAD imply reliance on shared, disorder\u2010general mechanisms. Possible candidates for these mechanisms, such as intolerance of uncertainty, pessimism, and depressiveness are discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T06:42:43Z","timestamp":1757313763000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Altered Reward Processing in Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder: Insights From Active and Observational Learning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5333-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Vahedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Bahic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy\/LVR\u2010Clinic D\u00fcsseldorf, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irini","family":"Chaliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy\/LVR\u2010Clinic D\u00fcsseldorf, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonhard","family":"Schilbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy\/LVR\u2010Clinic D\u00fcsseldorf, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"Medical Faculty Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen  M\u00fcnchen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burkhard","family":"Ciupka\u2010Sch\u00f6n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Bellebaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Pietrowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutta","family":"Peterburs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Medicine, Institute for Systems Medicine MSH Medical School Hamburg  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.180195"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2004.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1609194114"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2023.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-7682-3-24"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.05.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1554-07.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","volume-title":"Beck Depression Inventory","author":"Beck A. 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