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As yet, it has not been investigated whether the cerebellum also contributes to error processing in reinforcement learning. Studies have shown, however, that the cerebellum is involved in the processing of response errors in non\u2010reinforcement learning contexts, for example, in response conflict tasks. In the present study, we aimed to extend these findings to the processing of response errors, which slowly emerges as a result of reinforcement learning. To this end, we inhibited the cerebellum via single\u2010pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) and recorded cerebral electroencephalography (EEG) measures associated with error processing. If input from the cerebellum is required for error processing, error\u2010correct differentiation should be decreased for cerebellar compared to vertex (control) stimulation. Cerebellar spTMS was applied and EEG was recorded while healthy adults performed a probabilistic feedback learning task. The error\u2010related negativity (ERN), a component in the response\u2010locked event\u2010related potential (ERP), was used as a measure of error processing. It reflects a rapidly detected mismatch between representations of the actual and the desired response and is typically larger for errors than correct responses. Error\u2010correct differentiation in the ERN was diminished for cerebellar compared to control TMS. However, increased error\u2010correct differentiation was found in a later ERP component, the error positivity (Pe), which is more strongly associated with error awareness. Cerebellar spTMS thus impaired fast error processing reflected in the ERN and facilitated later, conscious error processing reflected in the Pe. These findings provide causal evidence of cerebellar contributions to error processing within reinforcement learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T04:44:48Z","timestamp":1761972288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cerebellar Single\u2010Pulse\n                    <scp>TMS<\/scp>\n                    Differentially Affects Early and Late Error Processing in Reinforcement Learning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9213-8335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana M.","family":"Huvermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf  Dusseldorf Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Center for Translational and Behavioral Neurosciences (C\u2010TNBS), Essen University Hospital University of Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty &amp; 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