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Participants were older adolescents [\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200956, 61% female, 16.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4\u2009years] from four schools (10 classes) participating in a larger cluster randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized to\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B2L<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (five classes,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200930) or a control group (five classes,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200926) and underwent\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    at baseline and 6\u2010month follow\u2010up. Changes in regional gray matter volumes were assessed using linear mixed models adjusted for sex, weight status, intracranial volume, and class level clustering. We observed increases in total (+105.5\u2009mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 95% confidence interval [\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ] 25.2 to 185.8,\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.79) and left (+64.7\u2009mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 95%\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    13.8 to 115.7,\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.76) hippocampal volume in the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B2L<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    group compared to the control group. We also observed that the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B2L<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    group retained significantly greater left medial superior frontal gyrus gray matter volume compared to the control group (+144.8\u2009mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 95%\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    17.1 to 272.5,\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.68). There was a decrease in total (\u221230.6\u2009mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 95%\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u221250.9 to \u221210.2,\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.90), left (\u221215.2\u2009mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 95%\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u221228.9 to \u22121.5,\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.67), and right (\u221218.6\u2009mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 95%\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u221230.8 to \u22126.4,\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.92) nucleus accumbens volume, as well as total (\u221278.3\u2009mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 95%\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2212146.8 to \u22129.9,\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.69) and right (\u221258.7\u2009mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 95%\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u221299.7 to \u221217.6,\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.86) putamen volume in the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B2L<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    group compared to the control group. This is the first experimental study to show that school\u2010based physical activity may play a key role in nurturing the healthy development of cortical and subcortical brain regions associated with cognitive and mental health in adolescents. Larger studies are needed to replicate our findings and confirm the effects of exercise training on brain health in this population.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T14:52:38Z","timestamp":1769007158000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of High\u2010Intensity Interval Training on Subcortical and Cortical Brain Volumes in Older Adolescents: Findings From the \u201cBurn 2 Learn\u201d Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2259-4682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Valkenborghs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy The University of Newcastle  Callaghan New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute  New 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