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Despite clinical and cognitive\u2010enhancement applications, the mechanisms underlying the EEG modulation remain poorly understood. Particularly, alpha activity (8\u201312\u2009Hz) upregulation may occur independently of the participants' volitional control. We previously reported spontaneous increases in alpha power during a passive neurofeedback\u2010like task using pre\u2010recorded EEG feedback. In the present study, we replicated this protocol while implementing an EEG\u2010NF procedure using real\u2010time alpha power. Thirty\u2010two healthy adults observed a gray circle whose size was either fixed (control) or continuously updated at 1, 5 or 10\u2009Hz (experimental conditions). Importantly, participants were not informed of the nature of the feedback and received no instructions for self\u2010regulation. We evaluated the effects of (i) trial repetition, (ii) the presence (control vs. experimental conditions), (iii) the frequency (1, 5 or 10\u2009Hz) and (iv) the source (online vs. offline alpha) of feedback update on EEG features classically targeted by EEG\u2010NF. Importantly, we observed robust increases in alpha power over time independently of the presence, frequency and source of feedback update. The presence, frequency and source of feedback update did not influence the EEG features considered. These findings suggest that alpha EEG\u2010NF upregulation may arise from spontaneous dynamics, such as time\u2010on\u2010task effects, rather than the hypothesized self\u2010regulation mechanism. The assumption that observed alpha increases reflect successful neurofeedback learning is thus called into question. 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