{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:49:23Z","timestamp":1789156163669,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008752","name":"Deutsche Sporthochschule K\u00f6ln","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0E0520N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0E0520N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Fast\u2010paced breathing (FPB) has emerged as a technique to purposefully increase physiological activation to facilitate motor\u2010cognitive performance. Empirical evidence of prominent physiological processes associated with FPB, cardiac changes however, remain scarce. To address this gap, the present study sought to systematically quantify the changes in heart rate variability and cardiac contractility during FPB at 35 and 55\u2009cycles\/min (CPM), compared to spontaneous and paced breathing (6 and 15 CPM), while accounting for breathing discomfort. Healthy, physically active participants (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200938) performed each breathing exercise for 2.5\u2009min, with electrocardiography and impedance cardiography signals recorded throughout. Heart rate variability was indexed through RMSSD, and the pre\u2010ejection period (PEP) served as an index of cardiac contractility. Results showed that FPB at 35 and 55 CPM led to reduced heart rate variability, whereas only the latter condition elicited a significant increase in cardiac contractility, suggesting a more pronounced stimulation. Breathing discomfort level increased as the breathing frequency deviated from the spontaneous range, reaching a moderate level at 55 CPM. These findings elucidate the frequency dependence in reciprocal and independent cardiac patterns, informing conceptual models of paced breathing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:44:58Z","timestamp":1777524298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Specifying the Cardio\u2010Respiratory Patterns During Fast\u2010Paced Breathing"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1444-1357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0161a","family":"Iskra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology German Sport University Cologne  Cologne Germany"},{"name":"HRV LABorde\u2014Performance Psychophysiology German Sport University Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4842-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvain","family":"Laborde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology German Sport University Cologne  Cologne Germany"},{"name":"HRV LABorde\u2014Performance Psychophysiology German Sport University Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4065-9822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tasha","family":"Poppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Primate Brain Research Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Neuro\u2010 and Psychophysiology KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4321-0651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Salvotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology German Sport University Cologne  Cologne Germany"},{"name":"HRV LABorde\u2014Performance Psychophysiology German Sport University Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5005-4973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Weinand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology German Sport University Cologne  Cologne Germany"},{"name":"University of Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6546-1666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Raab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology German Sport University Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3637-1439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Voigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology German Sport University Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnetp.2022.1114733"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP285101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12799"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13905"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3240925.3240939"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00038914"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoy.IJOY_98_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v031.i10"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02352.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"Biopac Systems Inc.2022.\u201cBIOPAC MP36R [Apparatus and Software].\u201dhttps:\/\/www.biopac.com\/product\/mp36r\u2010systems\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2021.102762"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.963711"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526\u20104637.2011.01243.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108986.1994.tb02351.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244756"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13724"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301\u20100511(98)00027\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978\u20100\u2010444\u201063274\u20106.00010\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.9.3224"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"535","article-title":"Ultra\u2010Short\u2010Term Heart Rate Variability Indexes at Rest and Post\u2010 Exercise in Athletes: Evaluating the Agreement With Accepted Recommendations","volume":"13","author":"Esco M. R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040\u20104603.2015.tb00614.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104587"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00397"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Fourier Transforms\u2014Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations","author":"Gersten A.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13712"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1360\u20108592(99)80006\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13079"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2023.108589"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1991.tb00412.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02072.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00551.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Are All Measures Created Equal? Heart Rate Variability and Respiration","volume":"45","author":"Hill L. K.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108986.2005.00363.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","unstructured":"JASP Team.2024.\u201cJASP (Version 0.18.3)[Computer software].\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2008.0250"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(98)00116-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2012.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000603"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104711"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13952"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00458"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00213"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2022.2145573"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097\u20100193(1999)8:4<194::AID\u2010HBM4>3.0.CO;2\u2010C"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2011.061945"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00756"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720809337716"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2024.112343"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9383-3_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1662_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","volume-title":"Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance","author":"McArdle W. D.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70252\/WSFL7054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/jmcjms.v3i2.16080"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01519.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12675"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01176"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781036231378"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2003.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102281.2001.00337.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00438.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973\u20106131.113415"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14604"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2023.108728"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiologyonline.1990.5.1.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104576"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.570400"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2014\/7256.3668"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ab9b71"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034\u20105687(01)00250\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108986.1971.tb00500.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Immediate Changes in Muscle Strength and Motor Speed Following Yoga Breathing","volume":"58","author":"Telles S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-009-9101-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274596"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.2.683"}],"container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/psyp.70305","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/psyp.70305","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/psyp.70305","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T06:53:29Z","timestamp":1779864809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/psyp.70305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/psyp.70305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.70305","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-5772","1469-8986"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-5772","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8986","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70305"}}