{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T05:58:49Z","timestamp":1785304729367,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["74326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["74326"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Learning to predict threat and to adapt behavior accordingly is critical to human survival. This type of learning is governed by distinct systems in the brain. Model\u2010free learning is reflexive and computationally efficient, allowing for rapid responses based on past experience, but is also resistant to environmental change. In contrast, model\u2010based learning is more flexible and relies on an internal model of the environment that can be updated without direct experience. To enhance the translational value of human fear\u2010conditioning research and facilitate the interpretation of fear\u2010reduction interventions, we examined whether commonly used measures of conditioned responding reflect model\u2010free and\/or model\u2010based learning. Based on prior observations and the defensive\u2010reflex nature of the fear\u2010potentiated startle (FPS), we hypothesized that FPS responses would reflect model\u2010free learning, whereas skin conductance responses (SCRs) would reflect model\u2010based learning. To test this hypothesis, we decoupled the experienced US value (i.e., model\u2010free) from the expected value (i.e., model\u2010based) by US devaluation\/revaluation manipulations delivered via instructions (Exp1), physical disconnection of the US electrode (Exp2), or their combination (Exp3). By design, instantaneous changes in conditioned responding, prior to any new learning by experience, must indicate model\u2010based updating rather than model\u2010free cached value. Across three fear\u2010conditioning experiments (total\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009131), we found that SCRs most likely reflected model\u2010based learning, whereas FPS responses reflected aspects of both model\u2010free and model\u2010based learning. These results show that common indices of conditioned fear are not simply interchangeable: they tap distinct learning systems, and treating them as equivalent risks missing the more affective, experience\u2010driven components of fear\u2014thereby limiting translation to clinical intervention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:42:12Z","timestamp":1782848532000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Model\u2010Free and Model\u2010Based Learning in Human Fear Conditioning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5224-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. E.","family":"Stemerding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M. V.","family":"Gerlicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. L.","family":"Reinhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Kindt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2018.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13209"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2010.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2013.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159\u2010023\u201000156\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108986.2005.00271.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"Brooks M. 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