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Traditionally, FPVS\u2010oddball analysis collapses steady\u2010state responses across harmonics into composite measures, which improves response detection but discards valuable information about the harmonic composition of responses. Here, we apply a two\u2010dimensional (sensor\u2009\u00d7\u2009harmonic) permutation test, incorporating a novel free harmonic clustering procedure that allows clustering across sensors and harmonics, thereby preserving harmonic\u2010related information. Using datasets on object recognition (real vs. pseudo\u2010objects) and line orientation discrimination, we show that the two\u2010dimensional approach detects condition\u2010specific differences in the spatial and harmonic distribution of responses that are missed by a one\u2010dimensional (sensor\u2010only) test of composite responses. For object recognition, real objects elicited stronger left\u2010 and right\u2010lateralised oddball responses at higher harmonics, consistent with additional semantic processing. For orientation discrimination, large versus small deviations elicited distinct harmonic\u2010specific activation patterns, reflecting qualitatively different processing. These results demonstrate that two\u2010dimensional cluster\u2010based permutation testing provides sensitivity to the spatial and harmonic distribution of FPVS\u2010oddball responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T03:52:26Z","timestamp":1784346746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preserving Harmonic Structure in\n                    <scp>FPVS<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Oddball: A Two\u2010Dimensional Cluster\u2010Based Permutation Approach"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8852-5221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Hermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Bath  Bath Somerset UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy Wong Hiu","family":"Ching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Bath  Bath Somerset UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Stothart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Bath  Bath Somerset UK"},{"name":"Cumulus Neuroscience Ltd.  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