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This activity is also thought to reflect the temporal coordination of neural firing, offering insights into fundamental brain dynamics. Recent studies have shown that the 1\/\n                    <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>\n                    slope is sensitive to stimulus onset, characterized by initial inhibitory shifts followed by excitatory rebounds, which may reflect cognitive control mechanisms involved in suppressing distractions and preparing goal\u2010directed responses. However, previous research has relied on fixed temporal windows and insufficient control of ERP contamination, limiting our understanding of rapid control dynamics. Here we used newly developed time\u2010resolved analyses to study 1\/\n                    <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>\n                    spectral slope modulation during a Picture\u2010Word Interference task, focusing on two canonical cognitive control markers: the Congruency Effect (CE) and Congruency Sequence Effect (CSE). Forty\u2010nine participants categorized pictures while ignoring congruent or incongruent words. Behaviorally, we replicated robust CE and CSE patterns. Spectral slope analyses showed that incongruent trials elicited steeper slopes\u2014consistent with increased inhibition\u2014particularly in frontal and central regions, reflecting conflict\u2010related control engagement. Moreover, CSE analyses revealed dynamic slope modulations across frontal, central, and occipital components over time, suggesting control adjustments influenced by previous trial congruency. These results provide the first within\u2010trial time\u2010resolved evidence that aperiodic 1\/\n                    <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>\n                    EEG activity can track both immediate conflict resolution and cognitive adjustments, offering a temporally sensitive neural marker of cognitive control, albeit with effects that are small in magnitude on average.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T07:37:11Z","timestamp":1786174631000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in Aperiodic (1\/\n                    <i>f<\/i>\n                    Slope) Activity During a Picture\u2010Word Interference Task: Effects of Congruency and Sequence 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Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign Illinois USA"},{"name":"Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7579-2773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Fabiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign Illinois USA"},{"name":"Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4483-3736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mate","family":"Gyurkovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of East Anglia  Norwich 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