{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T04:56:36Z","timestamp":1790571396676,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reward expectations are fundamental to theories of decision making and reinforcement learning. While prior research has focused on how expectations can influence outcome processing, far fewer studies have investigated how these expectations are actually formed. To address this gap, we measured EEG activity from participants as they completed a two\u2010stage binary\u2010choice task designed to separate the formation of expectations about outcome probabilities from the processing of actual reward outcomes. To more fully examine the neural mechanisms underlying each stage, we measured the Reward Positivity (RewP) and P3b time\u2010domain event\u2010related potential (ERP) components, as well as the delta\u2010 and theta\u2010band activity underlying each ERP. During the Outcome Probability stage, participants learned the likelihood of their choice winning on that trial. Each measure of RewP\u2010latency activity (ERP, delta, theta) was larger for outcomes that were certain to occur, but each measure diverged in its relationship to outcome valence. Conversely, all P3b\u2010latency measures were increased for losses that were certain to occur. Notably, changes in RewP\u2010Theta, not in ERP components, provided the earliest marker of sensitivity to certain losses. At the Actual Outcome stage, the RewP and P3b\u2010ERPs were larger for unexpected wins, consistent with theories of reward prediction errors and context updating. Delta activity generally followed the patterns observed in its temporally matched ERP but displayed an inconsistent relationship with outcome valence, suggesting that it may reflect contextualized feedback processing rather than a specific win\u2010related signal. Theta was insensitive to outcome valence and only sensitive to expectations at longer latencies, indicating a shift from valence\u2010sensitive processing during expectation formation to a broader role in monitoring expectancy violations. Together, the results underscore the importance of temporally and functionally distinguishing between the expectation formation and outcome phases, while demonstrating the value of multimethodological analytical approaches to fully capture the dynamic nature of reward\u2010based decision\u2010making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:23:03Z","timestamp":1788236583000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinct Neural Dynamics Underlying Reward Expectation Formation and Outcome Processing: Insights From\n                    <scp>ERP<\/scp>\n                    and Time\u2010Frequency Analyses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Bachman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Toronto Scarborough  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaya","family":"Scheman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9 San","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del CEMA  Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Huettel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marty G.","family":"Woldorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; 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