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It is frequently examined using the stop\u2010signal task; electromyography (EMG) studies have shown action cancellation (in stop trials) can involve the partial activation of the responding muscles, which does not result in an overt behavioral response. The neural correlates of these partial responses are not well understood. Here, we combined functional near\u2010infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and EMG to examine the neural correlates of terminated actions (partial responses) in a response\u2010 and stimulus\u2010selective stop signal task, controlling for attentional confounds by comparing neural activity in stop and ignore trials. fNIRS analyses revealed increased preSMA activity in successful stop compared to ignore trials, but no such differences in the IFG, consistent with postulations that the preSMA is involved uniquely in action cancellation, while the IFG responds generically to unexpected stimuli. Critically, preSMA activity was greater in trials without partial muscle activation, potentially due to proactive inhibitory processes pre\u2010emptively suppressing motor output in these trials. These findings advance understanding of some of the neurophysiological dynamics involved in action cancellation and highlight the utility of combining fNIRS with EMG in this domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:58:42Z","timestamp":1788785922000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cortical Contributions to Attentional Orienting and Response Cancellation in Action Stopping"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8519-6019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Kemp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine University of Tasmania  Hobart Australia"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the 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