{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T04:37:29Z","timestamp":1793162249867,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS 0717982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS 0717982"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SES 1325881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SES 1325881"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Social anxiety\u2014a fear of social interaction and negative evaluation\u2014may be accompanied by heightened vigilance toward others' mental states, particularly those conveyed through gaze, as they provide cues about how one is being evaluated. We thus investigated whether individual differences in social anxiety predict neural sensitivity to the mental\u2010state meanings conveyed by gaze patterns. Fifty\u2010seven European American young adults varying in social anxiety viewed different gaze patterns, immediately followed by a mental\u2010state word that was either congruent or incongruent with the culturally recognized meaning of the gaze, while their electroencephalogram (EEG) was monitored. Our focus was N400\u2014an event\u2010related potential (ERP) component indexing semantic expectation violations. We found the N400 amplitude to be more negative for incongruent (vs. congruent) mental\u2010state words. Notably, this N400 incongruity effect increased significantly with social anxiety. Moreover, the social anxiety effect was specific to mental state inference and was not observed in a comparable N400 incongruity effect involving animal stereotypes (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200950). These findings suggest that social anxiety may confer enhanced neural sensitivity during the inference of others' mental states from gaze, even in the absence of overt performance differences. We discuss the implications of these findings with respect to the potential functional benefits of social anxiety.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:29:33Z","timestamp":1790659773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social Anxiety Predicts Enhanced Electrocortical Sensitivity to the Mental State Meanings Revealed by Gaze Patterns"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4217-5178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Melani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6496-1703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha K.","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4682-2240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Glazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9147-7936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinobu","family":"Kitayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021963001006643"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(99)00044-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701004056"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsp038"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209415"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930541000110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2014.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16506070701421313"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.91.2.316"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2019.107733"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.093008.131123"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7350657"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394427-6.00020-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2024.137713"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"An Introduction to the Event\u2010Related Potential Technique","author":"Luck S. J.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.08.080.social"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"Melani I. andS.Kitayama.2026.\u201cThe Adaptive Health Benefits of Social Anxiety in Tight Societies: Evidence from Japan and the United States.\u201dDepartment of Psychology University of Michigan."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005\u20107967(99)00040\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611414727"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/431026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021\u2010843X.109.3.504"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00022-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2020.107970"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6303"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.92.3.641"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167294205014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2015.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.60.2.181"}],"container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/psyp.70409","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/psyp.70409","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/psyp.70409","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/psyp.70409","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T04:25:17Z","timestamp":1793161517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/psyp.70409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/psyp.70409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.70409","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-5772","1469-8986"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-5772","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8986","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70409"}}