{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:52:22Z","timestamp":1791175942116,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Interoceptive accuracy plays a central role in theories of emotion, and atypical interoceptive accuracy is increasingly recognized as a feature in the pathophysiology of multiple clinical and subclinical conditions. However, existing methods for assessing interoceptive accuracy have limitations that may constrain research progress. This study presents the first electrocardiogram\u2010based implementation of the phase adjustment task (PAT\u2010ECG), a rigorous measure of cardiac interoceptive accuracy, and provides the materials and experimental code for its use. Similar to existing PAT implementations, the task presents tones at each participant's heart rate and requires them to adjust the phase of the tone to synchronize it with their heartbeats. Crucially, this implementation replaces the photoplethysmographic signal used in previous implementations with ECG, enabling superior temporal resolution and more precise triggering via the R\u2010wave peak. We additionally introduce a novel phase\u2010delay timing procedure during task execution and explore new data\u2010analytic approaches. Data from 91 participants are used to demonstrate the task, and eight options for classifying individuals as interoceptive or non\u2010interoceptive are evaluated. Seventeen percent of participants were classified as interoceptive at rest via PAT\u2010ECG. Findings extend evidence for distinct variable\u2010period and fixed\u2010period interoceptive pathways. Weighting trials by confidence ratings further influenced interoceptive accuracy scores. The original PAT represented a significant advancement in cardiac interoceptive accuracy assessment; this open\u2010access ECG\u2010based implementation extends PAT methodological precision, providing an even more rigorous assessment tool for further advancing interoception theories and research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:29:08Z","timestamp":1790828948000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Electrocardiogram\u2010Based Phase Adjustment Task (\n                    <scp>PAT<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>ECG<\/scp>\n                    ): An Open\u2010Access Laboratory Test of Cardiac Interoceptive Accuracy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5557-5127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Hodgetts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science, Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance (IPEP) Bangor University  Bangor UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2180-8848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Germano","family":"Gallicchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science, Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance (IPEP) Bangor University  Bangor UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaun","family":"Mckiernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science, Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance (IPEP) Bangor University  Bangor UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9921-0435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Ring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8945-3337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Surrey  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2341-812X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science, Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance (IPEP) Bangor University  Bangor UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsy027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14679"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108986.1993.tb02091.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"193","volume-title":"From the Heart to the Brain: The Psychophysiology of Circulation\u2010Brain Interaction","author":"Brener J.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn894"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","volume-title":"The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness","author":"Damasio A. 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