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The present study examined whether emotional context modulates trialwise neural prediction error (PE) encoding during reinforcement learning. Fifty\u2010six participants completed a drifting three\u2010armed bandit task while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. Choice options were consistently paired with positive, neutral, or negative emotional images that were presented during feedback processing. Trial\u2010by\u2010trial PEs were estimated using a computational reinforcement\u2010learning model and related to feedback\u2010locked EEG activity using hierarchical linear mixed\u2010effects modeling. Traditional condition\u2010averaged analyses revealed robust feedback\u2010related ERP responses to reward outcomes but minimal effects of emotional context on overt behavior or mean reward positivity (RewP) amplitude. In contrast, trialwise analyses demonstrated that emotional context significantly moderated the relationship between PE and feedback\u2010locked neural activity. The relationship between trialwise PEs and EEG amplitude was strongest in neutral contexts, whereas it was attenuated in positive emotional contexts during the early RewP interval and in negative emotional contexts during a later posterior stage of feedback processing. Consistent with this temporal pattern, scalp topographies revealed a corresponding shift from early frontocentral to later posterior activity over the course of feedback processing. Together, these findings suggest that emotional context does not substantially alter overt learning performance or condition\u2010averaged reward responses, but instead subtly shapes the neural encoding of PEs during reinforcement learning. More broadly, the results highlight the value of computationally informed trial\u2010level analyses for identifying affective influences on learning signals that may be obscured by traditional condition\u2010averaged approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:53:58Z","timestamp":1791262438000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emotional Context Modulates Neural Prediction\u2010Error Encoding"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8792-0090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darin R.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Pitzer College  USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"1031","volume-title":"Methodological Issues and Strategies in Clinical Research","author":"Appelbaum M.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2022.2099349"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2020.107841"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415\u2010021\u201000950\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.146541"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111949"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2025.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010022\u201006082\u2010z.Amphetamine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21456"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00279"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896\u20106273(02)00963\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104977.Emotions"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2880\u201014.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014269108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2012.00050"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00508"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2012.00073"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201063135\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033\u2010295X.109.4.679"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","first-page":"249","volume-title":"Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia","author":"Houk J. 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