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While numerous studies have documented such alterations shortly after traumatic events, far less is known about their long\u2010term persistence, their intergenerational transmission, and potential differences between victims and perpetrators of mass violence. Addressing these gaps, the present pre\u2010registered study examined neural and psychological correlates of trauma among civilian survivors and civilian former perpetrators of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsis in Rwanda, as well as one of their offspring. Participants completed questionnaires assessing traumatic exposure and PTSD symptomatology, alongside four electrophysiological tasks targeting affective (threat processing, emotion recognition) and nonaffective (sensory gating, auditory oddball) processes. Thirty years after the genocide, survivors exhibited higher PTSD symptom severity than former perpetrators, particularly for re\u2010experiencing, hyperarousal, and avoidance. In affective tasks, survivors showed enhanced neural responses to threat and emotional stimuli, with some alterations persisting into the next generation. These effects were less pronounced or absent in former perpetrators and their offspring. In contrast, nonaffective tasks revealed robust sensory and oddball effects but no consistent associations with PTSD in either group. Overall, the findings suggest that long\u2010term neural alterations following genocide are more prominent in affective processing and are especially evident among survivors, the primary targets of the violence. The study further highlights selective intergenerational transmission of trauma\u2010related symptomatology and demonstrates the feasibility of conducting electrophysiological research in post\u2010conflict, non\u2010Western contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:56:21Z","timestamp":1792608981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Affective and Nonaffective Neural Alterations Across Generations in Survivors and Perpetrators in a Post\u2010Genocide Context"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1415-2032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie A.","family":"Caspar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moral &amp; Social Brain Lab, Department of General and Applied Psychology, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anitha","family":"Sendakize","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Rwanda  Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darius","family":"Gishoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Rwanda  Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8843-6604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume P.","family":"Pech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consciousness, Cognition and Computation Lab (CO3), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences Unverist\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167\u20108760(03)00156\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304\u20103940(01)01703\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168\u20105597(97)00080\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21039\/jpr.v1i1.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06091491"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-5567-1_2","volume-title":"International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma","author":"Auerhahn N. 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