{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T16:54:27Z","timestamp":1758819267377},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,24]],"date-time":"2012-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Contents<\/jats:title><jats:p>Currently, no early pregnancy marker has been identified in the bitch. However, significantly decreased concentrations of heat\u2010shock protein (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSP<\/jats:styled-content>) 70 and increased activity of matrix metalloproteinases (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content>) 2,9 were detected in serum from bitches during the pre\u2010implantation period between days 5 and 13 after mating, that is, 2\u20133 days after ovulation as determined by the measurement of progesterone and vaginal cytology. Especially during the implantation period and thereafter (days 15\u201355), high serum concentrations of antibodies against desmin are present, which is believed to indicate or regulate decidualization. Pre\u2010implantation embryos express m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> for enzymes and cytokines, known to promote and regulate trophoblast growth, and some intrauterine changings like the increased activity of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content> 2,9 in maternal endometrium are dependant on the presence of embryos. Some mechanisms that protect canine embryos from attack by the maternal immune system can also be identified. The embryos express <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4, a receptor known to interact with immune cells. They, furthermore, do not express <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MHC<\/jats:styled-content> I and II, which might prevent them from being recognized as foreign antigen. Pre\u2010implantation embryos express <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>as<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>, which probably renders them able to destroy <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>as\u2010bearing cytotoxic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content> cells. Furthermore, the uterus during pre\u2010implantation and implantation expresses cytokines that modulate the intrauterine milieu towards a predominance of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>h2 cells. During pre\u2010implantation and implantation, an increased uterine expression of platelet activating factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAF<\/jats:styled-content>) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAFR<\/jats:styled-content>, vascular endothelial growth factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGF<\/jats:styled-content>) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EGFR<\/jats:styled-content>2 as well as epithelial growth factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EGF<\/jats:styled-content>) is characteristic. Towards placentation, the upregulation of leukaemia inhibiting factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LIF<\/jats:styled-content>) and at placentation the expression of insulin\u2010like growth factor(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>)2 and granulocyte\u2013macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>) are striking. Progesterone receptor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PR<\/jats:styled-content>) appears to be downregulated inside the uterus except at placentation sites, presumably where it is essential for maintenance of pregnancy. In addition, receptor\u2010bound <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>4 regulates the activity of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content> 2,9. Apoptosis seems to be a further regulatory mechanism. Expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>as and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>as<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content> m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> in uterine tissue is maximum until implantation, both factors then decreased significantly. These changings might indicate increased endometrial apoptosis and defence against maternal cytotoxic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content> cells, probably promoting trophoblast invasion. In human decidual stromal cells, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>n<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RH<\/jats:styled-content> is involved in the regulation of apoptosis, which is proposed to be similar in pregnant bitches, as <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>n<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RH<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content> is expressed at canine implantation sites. Our work investigating immunological changes in pregnant bitches has elucidated aspects of the complex physiology of implantation but raises important questions about the mechanisms involved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,24]],"date-time":"2012-12-24T06:03:59Z","timestamp":1356329039000},"page":"165-168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Early Canine Pregnancy \u2013 A Battle for Successful Growth and Angiogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Sch\u00e4fer\u2010Somi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2006.00838.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01443.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Embryo development, hormonal requirements and maternal responses during canine pregnancy","volume":"57","author":"Concannon P","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-010-0495-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1999.tb00110.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2010.01619.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2006.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.1998.00782.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/6.2.149"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/278649a0"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"The pregnant canine uterus: molecular insights until placentation","volume":"46","author":"Sch\u00e4fer\u2010Somi S","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2004.00552.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2006.00636.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2007.00966.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01390.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439\u20100531.2012.02019.x."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"TomaszewskiC 2012:Fas and Fas Ligand in the uterus of pregnant and non\u2010pregnant bitches. Diploma thesis Vetmeduni Vienna Austria."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","unstructured":"WondraT 2012:Molecular diagnostic of endogenous pregnancy markers in the plasma of bitches. Diploma thesis Vetmeduni Vienna Austria."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der460"}],"container-title":["Reproduction in Domestic Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Frda.12062","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/rda.12062","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T23:50:29Z","timestamp":1694649029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/rda.12062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"s6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/rda.12062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rda.12062","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0936-6768","1439-0531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0936-6768","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0531","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}}}