{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:30:24Z","timestamp":1782491424065,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,22]],"date-time":"2013-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Contents<\/jats:title><jats:p>Azoospermia is a common finding in male alpacas which present for infertility. The challenge is to differentiate azoospermia of testicular origin from non\u2010testicular origin. In several species, alkaline phosphatase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AP<\/jats:styled-content>) concentrations in seminal plasma have been used as a diagnostic marker of contributions of the testis and epididymis to the ejaculate. The purpose of this study was to determine whether<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AP<\/jats:styled-content>assay could differentiate testicular from non\u2010testicular azoospermia in male alpacas. An experimental model of bilateral outflow obstruction (pre\u2010scrotal vasectomy) was used in 22 male alpacas, aged 2\u20139\u00a0years. No reproductive history was available. Animals were submitted for electroejaculation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EE<\/jats:styled-content>) under general anaesthesia and vasectomy performed. Five weeks later, animals were submitted for<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EE<\/jats:styled-content>. Vasectomy was not successful in one animal, which was removed from analysis.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AP<\/jats:styled-content>levels were compared in seminal plasma in the pre\u2010 and post\u2010vasectomy samples. The mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SEM<\/jats:styled-content>concentration of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AP<\/jats:styled-content>in pre\u2010vasectomy seminal plasma was 504.29\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0166.45\u00a0U\/l (range 10\u20132910); the post\u2010vasectomy levels were 252.48\u00a0\u00b1\u00a081.77\u00a0U\/l (range 0\u20131640; p\u00a0=\u00a00.06). In 71.4% of animals,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AP<\/jats:styled-content>levels decreased, varying from 18% to 100% reduction. Results of this study suggest that<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AP<\/jats:styled-content>is not produced exclusively by the testis and epididymis in alpacas and that<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AP<\/jats:styled-content>assay is not a valid diagnostic test for determination of origin of azoospermia; the gold standard for diagnosis of origin of azoospermia remains testicular biopsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,22]],"date-time":"2013-06-22T07:27:17Z","timestamp":1371886037000},"page":"995-1000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of Vasectomy on Seminal Plasma Alkaline Phosphatase in Male Alpacas (<i>Vicug\u00f1a pacos<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"LK","family":"Pearson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman WA USA"},{"name":"Center for Reproductive Biology Washington State University Pullman WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AJ","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman WA USA"},{"name":"Center for Reproductive Biology Washington State University Pullman WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Tibary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman WA USA"},{"name":"Center for Reproductive Biology Washington State 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