{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:22:27Z","timestamp":1788952947649,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,3]],"date-time":"2014-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00ef\u00bf\u00bd\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdo para a Ci\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdncia e Tecnologia, Portugal - bilateral cooperation - Portugal - Poland","award":["Project 6818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project 6818"]}]},{"name":"National Research Center of Poland","award":["2011\/02\/A\/NZ5\/00338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011\/02\/A\/NZ5\/00338"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Contents<\/jats:title><jats:p>Endometrosis is a degenerative chronic process, characterized by paramount fibrosis development in mare endometrium. This condition is one of the major causes of subfertility\/infertility in mares. As in other organs, fibrosis might be a pathologic sequel of many chronic inflammatory diseases. However, aetiology and physiopathologic mechanisms involved in endometrial fibrosis are still controversial. This review presents new hypotheses based on our newest data. As the first line of innate immune defence, systemic neutrophils arrive in the uterus at mating or in the presence of pathogens. A novel paradigm is that neutrophils cast out their<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content>in response to infectious stimuli and form neutrophil extracellular traps (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NET<\/jats:styled-content>s). We have shown that bacterial strains of<jats:italic>Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>or<jats:italic>Staphylococcus capitis<\/jats:italic>, known to cause endometritis in mares were able to induce<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NET<\/jats:styled-content>s release<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>by equine<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMN<\/jats:styled-content>to different extents. An intriguing dilemma is the dual action of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NET<\/jats:styled-content>s. While<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NET<\/jats:styled-content>s play a desirable role fighting micro\u2010organisms in mare uterus, they may also contribute to endometrial fibrosis. A long\u2010term<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>exposure of mare endometrium explants to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NET<\/jats:styled-content>s components (myeloperoxidase, elastase and cathepsin G) up\u2010regulated fibrosis markers<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>and Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TIMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101). Also, pro\u2010fibrotic cytokines regulated collagen deposition and fibrosis. Changes in expression of connective tissue growth factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CTGF<\/jats:styled-content>), interleukins (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>)1\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 and receptors in endometrium with different degrees of fibrosis and\/or inflammation were observed. A putative role of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CTGF<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NET<\/jats:styled-content>s components in endometrosis development should be considered. Additionally, we speculate that in sustained endometritis in mares, prostaglandins may not only cause early luteolysis or early pregnancy loss, but may also be related to endometrial fibrosis pathogenesis by stimulating collagen deposition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,3]],"date-time":"2014-10-03T04:41:44Z","timestamp":1412311304000},"page":"82-87","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Physiopathologic Mechanisms Involved in Mare Endometrosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"MR","family":"Rebord\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"C.I.I.S.A. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra College of Agriculture Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.I.I.S.A. 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