{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T17:10:09Z","timestamp":1746378609064,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]],"date-time":"2014-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Contents<\/jats:title><jats:p>A possible role of breeding activities in the composition of the microbial population in stallions' external genitalia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EG<\/jats:styled-content>) and the relationship between micro\u2010organisms colonizing the skin of the abdomen and the ones colonizing the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EG<\/jats:styled-content>have not been studied. In experiment 1,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EG<\/jats:styled-content>microbiological samples were collected from 41 stallions used for both natural cover and semen collection (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BST<\/jats:styled-content>) and from 18 non\u2010breeding stallions (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NBST<\/jats:styled-content>). A higher (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) frequency of isolation of potentially pathogenic species was found for<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BST<\/jats:styled-content>. Age did not influence number of micro\u2010organism species isolated both in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BST<\/jats:styled-content>and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NBST<\/jats:styled-content>. In experiment 2, the microbial content of the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EG<\/jats:styled-content>and semen was compared in 23<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BST<\/jats:styled-content>. Most micro\u2010organisms isolated from the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EG<\/jats:styled-content>were present in semen, albeit with a numerically lower prevalence. In 7 stallions, six microbial species isolated from semen were absent from the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EG<\/jats:styled-content>cultures, suggesting contamination by the operator. In experiment 3, a numerically higher number of micro\u2010organism species was isolated from the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EG<\/jats:styled-content>of 31 stallions, than from their skin of the ventral abdomen in contact with the penis or from the skin of the thorax. With the sole exception of<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, potentially pathogenic bacteria were only isolated from the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EG<\/jats:styled-content>but not from the skin. Results suggest that breeding activity increased the number of species colonizing the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EG<\/jats:styled-content>; most species isolated from the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EG<\/jats:styled-content>were also found in semen even if with a lower frequency, and additional semen contamination seemed to occur during its manipulation. Many micro\u2010organism species of the skin were also isolated from the penis, but independently of being or not in contact with the penis, skin did not seem to provide an adequate environment for the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria that were isolated from<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EG<\/jats:styled-content>, with the sole exception for<jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]],"date-time":"2014-09-15T10:55:54Z","timestamp":1410778554000},"page":"926-933","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Breeding Activity on the Microflora of the External Genitalia and in the Semen of Stallions, and the Relationship Between Micro\u2010organisms on the Skin and on the External Genitalia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"T","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS University of Porto Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Ci\u00eancia animal (CECA\/ICETA) University of Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS University of Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS University of Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS University of Porto Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos (CIBIO) University of Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Dam\u00e1sio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practitioner \u00c9vora Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AL","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practitioner Lousada Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MJ","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Alter Real Alter do Ch\u00e3o Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JC","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luso\u2010Pecus Samora Correia Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Cosinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luso\u2010Pecus Samora Correia Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS University of Porto Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Ci\u00eancia animal (CECA\/ICETA) University of Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS University of Porto Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos (CIBIO) University of Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS University of Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2006.03.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Effects of washing on the bacterial flora of the stallion's penis","volume":"32","author":"Bowen Y","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"BristolF 1991:Bacterial flora of the reproductive tract in stallions.Society of Theriogenology Annual Meeting San Diego 1991:171\u2013173."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Microbiology; A Laboratory Manual","author":"Cappuccino JG","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"CernyKL LittleCF ScogginRJ ColemanMHT TroedssonEL 2012:Presence of bacteria in the reproductive tract of healthy stallions and its relation to the fertility of mares. 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