{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T01:29:01Z","timestamp":1784942941190,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NSC 101-2313-B-005-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 101-2313-B-005-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Contents<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to investigate the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in determining semen quality and to evaluate the expression and cellular localization of MMP\u20102, MMP\u20109, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase\u20101 (TIMP\u20101) and TIMP\u20102 in the testes, epididymis and ejaculated spermatozoa. Gelatinase activities between normal (n\u00a0=\u00a021) and abnormal (n\u00a0=\u00a025) semen samples showed a significant, sixfold increase in proMMP\u20102 and MMP\u20102 activity in high than low sperm concentration samples (p<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001). ProMMP\u20109 and MMP\u20109 levels were significantly elevated in samples with low sperm counts compared to those with high sperm density (p<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001). High levels of proMMP\u20102 and MMP\u20102 were associated with high sperm motility (\u226570%, p<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001). Sperm\u2010rich fraction showed significantly (eight\u2010fold) higher proMMP\u20109 enzymatic activity compared with prostatic fraction. The m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> expressions of MMP\u20102, MMP\u20109, TIMP\u20101 and TIMP\u20102 were confirmed in testicular and epididymal tissues. Immunohistochemical staining illustrated the MMP\u20102\u2010specific strong immunoreactivity in the head of mature spermatids during spermatogenesis, whereas MMP\u20109, TIMP\u20101 and TIMP\u20102 were absent in these cells. Matrix metalloproteinase\u20109 immunoreactivity was observed in the spermatocyte and round spermatid, whereas TIMP\u20101 was only exhibited in the residual bodies. Immunolabeling of epididymal and ejaculated sperm demonstrated MMP\u20102 localization along acrosomal region of sperm, while MMP\u20109, TIMP\u20101 and TIMP\u20102 localization was merely limited to the flagella. In conclusion, spermatozoa initially acquire MMP\u20102 during their formation at testicular level, and the presence of this protein persists through the epididymal transit and up to ejaculate. The enzymatic activity of MMP\u20102 and MMP\u20109 may serve as an alternative biomarker in determining semen quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]],"date-time":"2014-12-02T05:03:35Z","timestamp":1417496615000},"page":"48-57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases (<scp>MMP<\/scp>\u20102, <scp>MMP<\/scp>\u20109) and their Inhibitors (<scp>TIMP<\/scp>\u20101, <scp>TIMP<\/scp>\u20102) in Canine Testis, Epididymis and Semen"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Warinrak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u2010T","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine College of Agriculture National Chiayi University Chiayi City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W\u2010L","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health College of Veterinary Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u2010W","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u2010C","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u2010P","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine College of 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