{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T09:01:31Z","timestamp":1759482091121},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish National Research Centre","award":["NN 311 081040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NN 311 081040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Contents<\/jats:title><jats:p>Captive breeding of birds threatened by extinction in zoological gardens or other closed aviary centres is one of the methods allowing their protection and gene pool preservation<jats:italic>ex situ in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Such birds are usually kept in captivity lifelong and serve as parents of several new generations that can be further released into natural environment, or males are used as semen donors for artificial insemination and gene banking. Therefore, the fecundity of such flocks (number of laid egg and spermatozoa quantity and quality) is very important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of captive kept capercaillie (<jats:italic>Tetrao urogallus<\/jats:italic>L.) as semen donors in three subsequent reproductive seasons, based on the assessment of manually collected semen quality. Male response to dorso\u2010abdominal massage, ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, motility and morphology were evaluated individually at three succeeding years. Depending on individual male properties and year of collection, the number of positive reactions to semen collection attempts (i.e. ending with ejaculation) varied from 44.4% to 100.0%; single ejaculate volume ranged from 10 to 300\u00a0\u03bcl, spermatozoa concentration from 10\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>per ml to 3520\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>per ml and percentage of live morphologically normal spermatozoa from 19.3 to 80.3%. The highest average value (66.7) of semen quality factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SQF<\/jats:styled-content>) was noted for a 2\u2010year\u2010old male (varying from 1.9 to 258.1), while the lowest for ten\u2010 (4.8; varying from 0.1 to 17.0) and 7\u2010year\u2010old (6.6; varying between 0.6 and 13.6). Assuming that for<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AI<\/jats:styled-content>purposes, the ejaculate quality has to be at minimum 10<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SQF<\/jats:styled-content>, obtained results indicate that majority of capercaillie kept in captivity, both young (2\u20133 years old) and older (up to 10\u00a0years old), can be valuable semen producers in succeeding seasons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T07:57:20Z","timestamp":1426579040000},"page":"452-457","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Usefulness of Captive Kept Capercaillie (<i><scp>T<\/scp>etrao urogallus<\/i>L.) as the Semen Donors for Artificial Insemination and Gene Pool Preservation<i>In vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"ET","family":"\u0141ukaszewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Poultry Breeding Institute of Animal Breeding Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroclaw Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AM","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Poultry Breeding Institute of Animal Breeding Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroclaw Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod63.4.1164"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2011.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Cryopreservation of chicken blastoderm cells","volume":"15","author":"Che\u0142mo\u0144ska B","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anim Sci Pap Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/81.7.1050"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.1430090504"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3801557"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.45.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116797"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"KowalczykA LukaszewiczE ChrzanowskaM 2010:Characteristics of pheasant (Phasianus colchicus L.) semen in three subsequent reproductive seasons.Proc XXII Int Poult Symp PB WPSA Olsztyn Poland pp.117\u2013118."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00300"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","unstructured":"LukaszewiczE 2002:Cryopreservation of Anser anser L. gander semen. 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