{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:48:27Z","timestamp":1790876907174,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,8]],"date-time":"2015-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Contents<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnancy\u2010associated glycoproteins (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAG<\/jats:styled-content>) are secreted by the binucleate giant cells of the ruminant placenta and enter maternal circulation at the time of placental attachment. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IDEXX<\/jats:styled-content> Milk Pregnancy Test (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IDEXX<\/jats:styled-content>, Westbrook, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ME<\/jats:styled-content>) detects a subset of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAG<\/jats:styled-content> in milk. Although designed as a management tool for dairy cows, there is potential for using the milk <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAG<\/jats:styled-content> test in beef cows. Our objective was to compare the performance of the milk <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAG ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> with a gold standard method for pregnancy diagnosis and determine the agreement between milk and serum <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAG<\/jats:styled-content> analysis in lactating beef cows. Angus and Angus\u2010crossed cows (n\u00a0=\u00a0332) from two Michigan beef herds were enrolled in this study. Cows were subjected either to timed artificial insemination followed by exposure to a bull or exclusively exposed to a bull. The bulls and cows were separated 30\u00a0days prior to examination. Serum and milk samples were collected and submitted within 24\u00a0h of collection to a commercial laboratory for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAG<\/jats:styled-content> analysis using the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IDEXX<\/jats:styled-content> Milk Pregnancy Assay (milk) and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IDEXX<\/jats:styled-content> Bovine Pregnancy Assay (serum). Concurrently with milk and serum collection, each cow was examined transrectally by palpation or ultrasonography. When compared to transrectal examination, the performance (and 95% confidence intervals) of the milk <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAG ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> was sensitivity of 99.7% (99.0\u2013100.0%) and specificity of 80.8% (65.6\u201395.9%). The lower specificity is likely due to the low prevalence (9.9%) of open cows (n\u00a0=\u00a030) in the herds examined. Of the 332 cows examined, 1.8% (n\u00a0=\u00a06) were classified as rechecks using the milk <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAG ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>. Results of the milk and serum <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAG ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> were in high agreement (kappa coefficient\u00a0=\u00a00.91). The milk <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAG ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> was accurate in predicting pregnancy status using milk collected from beef cattle between days 37 and 125 post\u2010insemination and may be useful for aiding management decisions in beef herds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]],"date-time":"2015-06-11T02:15:56Z","timestamp":1433988956000},"page":"651-658","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Application of an <scp>ELISA<\/scp> Milk Pregnancy Test in Beef Cows"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"JN","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TM","family":"Byrem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antel BioSystems Lansing MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DL","family":"Grooms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2008.01287.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4609"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2120"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/1993.7182199x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8233"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6414"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2007.01049.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2005.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-6130"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(95)00268-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"PerryG AmundsonO 2014.Importance of pregnancy detection.South Dakota State University Extension. Available:http:\/\/igrow.org\/livestock\/beef\/importance-of-pregnancy-detection(accessed 02 May 2015)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.10-022T"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1871-6_27"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod35.4.936"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2007.01025.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12336"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"Pregnancy\u2010associated glycoproteins (PAG) as pregnancy markers in the ruminants","volume":"57","author":"Sousa NM","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)01160-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2941"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5730"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.18.567"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture \u2013\u00a0National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA\u2010NIFA) 2014.State designated shortage areas. 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