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Years of studies have shown that 5\u20136 billion sperm (approximately 3 billion viable) used in single or multiple inseminations results in pregnancy rates most often between 60 and 70% and with litter sizes between nine and 10 pigs. Yet today, it is not uncommon for studies to report pregnancy rates from 70 to 85% and litter sizes with 11\u201312 pigs. While global statements about the incidence and reasons for higher fertility are not conclusive, incremental fertility improvements appear independently associated with use of a minimum number of viable sperm (1\u20132 billion), insemination timing that increases the probability that sperm will be present close to ovulation for groups of females, selection for boar sperm survival following cryopreservation, and modification of the freeze and thaw conditions using additives to protect sperm from oxidative damage. Studies show that techniques such as intrauterine and deep uterine insemination can provide an opportunity to reduce sperm numbers and that control of time of ovulation in groups of females can reduce the need for multiple inseminations and improve the chance for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    close to ovulation. However, optimal and consistent fertility with cryopreserved boar sperm may require a multifaceted approach that includes boar selection and screening, strategic use of additives during the freezing and thawing process, post\u2010thaw evaluation of sperm and adjustments in sperm numbers for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , assessment of female fertility and ovulation induction for single insemination. These sequenced procedures should be developed and incorporated into a quality control system for improved fertility when using minimal numbers of cryopreserved boar sperm.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,16]],"date-time":"2015-07-16T01:23:21Z","timestamp":1437009801000},"page":"90-97","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["The Fertility of Frozen Boar Sperm When used for Artificial Insemination"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"RV","family":"Knox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Champaign\u2010Urbana IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2006.00801.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2010.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.1987.tb00537.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2000.tb03268.x","article-title":"Semen cryopreservation in domestic animals: a damaging and capacitating phenomenon minireview","volume":"21","author":"Bailey JL","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2013.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2011.01826.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2007.06.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(97)00321-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2010.01094.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2011.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/162878"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1991.tb01014.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.14-0069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Optimizing semen production for artificial insemination in swine","volume":"48","author":"Colenbrander B","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)00701-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2013.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)00947-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2013.00144.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.05.013"},{"issue":"48","key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Optimizing management of natural and artificial matings in swine. 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