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However, it was shown that sperm factors can be transferred to the oocyte during fertilization, raising the question of whether the absence of such factors could interfere on embryo thermo\u2010tolerance. In this study, we used parthenogenesis to generate bovine embryos without spermatozoa in order to test whether the absence of sperm factors could influence their thermo\u2010sensitiveness at early stages. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> fertilized (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVF<\/jats:styled-content>) and parthenogenetic (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PA<\/jats:styled-content>) embryos at 44\u00a0h post\u2010insemination\/chemical activation were exposed to 38.5\u00b0C (control) or 41\u00b0C (heat shock) for 12\u00a0h and then developed for 48\u00a0h and up to blastocyst stage. Apoptosis index and expression of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRDX<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GLUT<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GLUT<\/jats:styled-content>5<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>1r<\/jats:italic> genes in blastocysts derived from heat\u2010shocked embryos were also evaluated. The heat shock decreased the blastocyst rate at day seven (p<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVF<\/jats:styled-content> embryos and at day eight (p<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.01) for both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVF<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PA<\/jats:styled-content> embryos. Total cell number was not affected by heat shock in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVF<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PA<\/jats:styled-content> blastocysts, but there was an increased proportion (p<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) of apoptotic cells in heat\u2010shocked embryos when compared to controls. There was no interaction (p<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&gt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) between method of activation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVF<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PA<\/jats:styled-content>) and temperature (38.5\u00b0C or 41.5\u00b0C) for all developmental parameters evaluated. Expression of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GLUT<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic> gene was downregulated (p<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) by heat shock in both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVF<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PA<\/jats:styled-content> blastocyst whereas expression of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GLUT<\/jats:styled-content>5<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>1r<\/jats:italic> genes was downregulated (p<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) by heat shock in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PA<\/jats:styled-content> blastocysts. Those data show that the heat shock affects negatively the embryo development towards blastocysts stage, increases the apoptotic index and disturbed the expression of some genes in both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVF<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PA<\/jats:styled-content> embryos, indicating that the presence or absence of sperm factors does not influence the sensitivity of the bovine embryo to heat shock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]],"date-time":"2015-10-30T08:46:48Z","timestamp":1446194808000},"page":"3-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Absence of Sperm Factors as in the Parthenogenesis Does Not Interfere on Bovine Embryo Sensitiveness to Heat Shock at Pre\u2010Implantation Stage"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"LSA","family":"Camargo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Agricultural Research 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