{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T08:42:37Z","timestamp":1768639357960,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elective caesarean section (CS) is the safest means of delivering the litter in bitches in specific situations. Timeously performing elective pre\u2010parturient CSs at a fixed time would be convenient and prevent emergency CSs and foetal demise. This review proposes a method of performing elective pre\u2010parturient CSs which is safe for both the bitch and puppies. Brachycephaly, small litters and large litters, preceding litter delivered by CS and trial of labour after a preceding CS are identified as factors increasing the need for CS whereas emergency CS is identified as factor increasing foetal demise. The first day of cytological dioestrus more precisely predicts the day of onset of spontaneous parturition than the first day of the LH surge or the dates during oestrus on which progesterone (P4) first exceeds 6\u00a0nM or 16\u00a0nM. Foetal biparietal diameter at the time of onset of spontaneous parturition varies too much to accurately predict readiness for CS. During the last few days of gestation, P4 with cut\u2010off concentrations at 15.8, 8.7 and 3.18\u00a0nM, but not plasma cortisol concentrations, hold promise as predictors of onset of parturition and when to perform pre\u2010parturient CSs. A protocol associating medetomidine hydrochloride as premedicant with propofol as induction agent and sevoflurane as maintenance is safe for scheduled CS and yields good maternal and puppy survival rates at delivery, 2\u00a0hr and 7\u00a0days after CSs. Clinicians have to pay attention to the haematocrit of bitches at the time of cervical dilatation which is at the lower end of the normal reference ranges for non\u2010pregnant dogs and to the decline in haematocrit during CS (as a proxy for blood loss) which is approximately 7% for both parturient (open cervix) and pre\u2010parturient (closed cervix) CSs. Pre\u2010parturient CSs can be scheduled and performed 57\u00a0days after onset of cytological dioestrus with puppy survival rates of 99%. Collectively, these studies provide a protocol to safely perform elective CSs in a large proportion of the obstetric population at a convenient time of the day but more research is required with larger numbers to establish whether this practice is routinely safe and safe in all breeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T12:58:01Z","timestamp":1588769881000},"page":"38-48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Towards scheduled pre\u2010parturient caesarean sections in bitches"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0143-1019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurt G. M.","family":"De Cramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan O.","family":"N\u00f6thling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1974.tb05667.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod19.5.1113"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod13.1.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Biology and endocrinology of ovulation, pregnancy and parturition in the dog","volume":"39","author":"Concannon P. 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