{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T15:42:12Z","timestamp":1784734932152,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper was to analyse the aetiology and methods of diagnosing reproductive disorders in male dromedary camels. Male camel infertility manifests as one of three conditions: post\u2010coital infertility (IG), inability to copulate (IC) and lack of sexual desire (LSD). IG is mainly a testicular disorder that is linked to a deteriorated seminogram, arrested spermatogenesis, Sertoli cell\u2010only syndrome and testicular degeneration. For IG diagnosis, semen analysis, testicular biopsy and fine\u2010needle aspiration are gold standards. Testicular ultrasonography was generally inefficient. High serum FSH was found in IG camels with oligo\u2010 and azoospermia, implying primary spermatogenesis defects. The testis\u2010expressed protein (TEX101) and the epididymis\u2010expressed protein (ECM1) are reliable biomarkers for distinguishing between obstructive and non\u2010obstructive azoospermia. IC manifests in two forms: phimosis (PHI) and erectile dysfunction (ED). PHI is frequently linked to preputial and penile pathologies, as well as leucocytosis, neutrophilia and elevated nitric oxide metabolites. The majority of camels with ED have normal genital organs, and the condition is associated with an increase in cardiac troponin I. LSD is a rare disorder brought on by hormonal imbalances, high temperatures, stress and debilitating diseases. In conclusion, IG diagnosis necessitates semen analysis, testicular biopsy or fine\u2010needle aspiration, and FSH testing, whereas IC diagnosis requires preputial and penile examinations. Diagnostic aids include serum and seminal biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T07:29:19Z","timestamp":1625470159000},"page":"1267-1273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Aetiological analysis and diagnosis of reproductive disorders in male dromedary camels"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8495-4623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Qassim University Buraidah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Theriogenology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Assiut University Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derar Refaat","family":"Derar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Qassim University Buraidah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Theriogenology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Assiut University Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq I.","family":"Almundarij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Qassim University Buraidah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Ann","author":"Abdel\u2010Raouf M.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/berh.2001.0196"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.122.10.229"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.117.5.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Effect of cadmium on oxidative stress of testes in adult male mice","volume":"11","author":"Alaee S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.07.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01688-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Forms of infertility in male dromedary camels","volume":"11","author":"Ali A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Agricultural Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-018-1545-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-014-1971-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.07.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs077"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2003.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"765","article-title":"Experimentally induced rupture of corpus cavernosum penis of the bull","volume":"35","author":"Beckett S. 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