{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T06:02:46Z","timestamp":1774764166714,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The most common uterine diseases in bitches occurring during diestrus are cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and pyometra. These diseases can coexist as CEH\u2013pyometra complex (CEH\u2010P). Their pathogenesis has not been fully explained. Peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptors (PPARs) are important factors regulating mammalian reproductive function and inflammatory processes. Although there is a lack of data concerning the expression of PPARs in the canine endometrium during CEH and CEH\u2010P, we hypothesized that they might be involved in the development of pathological disorders of the canine endometrium. Therefore, the current study was conducted to evaluate and compare <jats:italic>PPAR\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>PPAR\u03b4<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>PPAR\u03b3<\/jats:italic> mRNA expression using quantitative real\u2010time PCR (qPCR) and their immunolocalization using immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in the endometrium of clinically healthy bitches (control group; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08) and those with CEH (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08) or CEH\u2010P (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08). For quantification, the arithmetic means of all intensities of immunostaining from the cells were measured with the optical density. PPAR\u03b1, PPAR\u03b4 and PPAR\u03b3 were detected in the luminal epithelium, glandular epithelium and stromal cells. The mRNA transcription of <jats:italic>PPAR\u03b1<\/jats:italic> was higher in the CEH group than in the control group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05). Additionally, the mRNA expression and immunostaining intensities of PPAR\u03b4 and PPAR\u03b3 in the endometrium in the CEH\u2010P group were downregulated relative to those in the control group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05). Moreover, the serum progesterone concentration measured by direct radioimmunoassay was decreased in the CEH\u2010P group compared to the control group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001) and CEH group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05). The obtained results indicate that PPARs are present in the canine endometrium and that their mRNA profile and intensity levels change under pathological conditions such as CEH and CEH\u2010P. This finding may suggest a correlation between changes in the PPAR expression profile and hormonal disturbances, as well as the potential involvement of PPARs in signal transduction during inflammatory processes occurring in the endometrium during CEH\u2010P. These results pave the way to further research into the role of PPARs in the pathogenesis of CEH and CEH\u2010P in female dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T05:40:40Z","timestamp":1649050840000},"page":"771-783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptor expression in the canine endometrium with cystic endometrial hyperplasia\u2013pyometra complex"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3620-0680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara M.","family":"Socha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences  Pozna\u0144 Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7138-3155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Socha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn  Olsztyn Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4204-1698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Z.","family":"Sz\u00f3stek\u2010Mioduchowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences  Olsztyn Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1820-5202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences  Pozna\u0144 Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9537-3560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz J.","family":"Skar\u017cy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Clinic for Farm Animals Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences  Wroc\u0142aw Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008\u20105472.CAN\u201004\u20100496"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m000953200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"559","article-title":"The quantitative expression of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) genes in porcine endometrium through the estrous cycle and early pregnancy","volume":"62","author":"Bogacka I.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/fhc.a2015.0023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"637","article-title":"Microarray analysis of inflammatory response\u2010related gene expression in the uteri of dogs with pyometra","volume":"28","author":"Bukowska D.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.05.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154338"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2010.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378\u20104320(02)00013\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0093\u2010691x(01)00498\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0093\u2010691x(97)00330\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4238\/gmr.15028138"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","volume-title":"Dog breeding, whelping and puppy care","author":"England G. 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