{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T01:58:11Z","timestamp":1747187891161,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two isoforms of the gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormone (GnRH), GnRH\u2010I and GnRH\u2010II, are expressed in mammals, and the presence of one or more GnRH\u2010like peptides has been demonstrated in the male reproductive tract. GnRH and its receptors (GnRHR) are present in human and non\u2010human primate testis, prostate, epididymis, seminal vesicle, spermatozoa and seminal human plasma. GnRH\u2010II is site\u2010specific and acts directly in an inhibitory or stimulatory fashion. Previous studies speculated that GnRH\u2010II could disrupt specific sperm processes, such as sperm motility or capacitation and could be utilized as an effective contraceptive agent. Our study aimed to investigate the in\u2010vitro effects of GnRH\u2010I and GnRH\u2010II on Vervet monkey sperm function. Electro\u2010ejaculated semen samples from 10 Vervet monkeys (<jats:italic>Chlorocebus aethiops<\/jats:italic>) were used to select motile sperm populations. Sperm aliquots were incubated with GnRH\u2010I and GnRH\u2010II at different concentrations for 1\u2009h, where after sperm motility and kinematic parameters were assessed using the automated Sperm Class Analyser. Additional sperm aliquots were incubated with two 10\u2010amino acid control peptides, a non\u2010related peptide and an inactive peptide to exclude the possible influence on sperm motility from other peptides with a structure similar to GnRH. Additionally, a GnRHR\u2010I antagonist (GnRHR\u2010A), Cetrorelix, was tested to establish its antagonistic capability on GnRH. The effect of selected concentrations of GnRH\u2010I and GnRH\u2010II on sperm vitality and acrosome intactness was also evaluated after 10\u2010 and 60\u00a0min exposure. Analysis of the percentage total sperm motility revealed that different concentrations for GnRH\u2010I and GnRH\u2010II inhibited sperm motility significantly. While sperm progressiveness was also notably affected and a trend of decreased sperm kinematics were evident, no effect was found on sperm vitality or acrosome intactness. The non\u2010related and inactive peptides had no impact on sperm motility. The GnRHR\u2010A demonstrated no effect on sperm motility and effectively blocked the inhibitory outcome on the motility of both GnRH isoforms. While GnRH\u2010I or GnRH\u2010II at low\u2010dose concentrations resulted in in\u2010vitro inhibition of sperm motility, it appears to have no adverse effects on other sperm functional parameters evaluated. These collective observations possibly indicate an essential role for GnRH in the in\u2010vivo process of sperm selection in the female reproductive tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T16:18:23Z","timestamp":1658765903000},"page":"1394-1405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The in\u2010vitro effect of gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormones,<scp>GnRH\u2010I<\/scp>and<scp>GnRH\u2010II<\/scp>, on the motility, vitality and acrosome integrity of Vervet monkey (<i>Chlorocebus aethiops<\/i>) spermatozoa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5000-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charon","family":"de Villiers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PUDAC\u2010Delft Animal Facility South African Medical Research Council Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liana","family":"Maree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biosciences University of the Western Cape Bellville South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arieh A.","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"van der Horst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biosciences University of the Western Cape Bellville South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m112.439356"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179156"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20105347(01)66834\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"172","article-title":"The human acrosome reaction","volume":"2","author":"Baker H. W. G.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Andrology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.4.6503"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.48.030186.002431"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1009469319596"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"deVilliers C.(2006).The effect of gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormones (GnRH) I & II on sperm motility and acrosome status of the vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) in vitro. MSc Thesis University of the Western Cape Cape Town South Africa.http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11394\/2266"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"deVilliers C.(2014).The in vitro effect of Gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormones GnRH\u2010I and GnRH\u2010II on sperm function of selected primates. Ph.D. Thesis University of the Western 449 Cape Cape Town South Africa."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2021.113819"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1390361"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002\u2010221135"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102826.2005.01353.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447\u20100578.2005.00087.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.21234"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.45.030183.000503"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022\u20104731(85)80011\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u2010291x(92)91556\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gar044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2010.00114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2005.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003\u20100002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod59.2.426"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.8.2069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/a122"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod67.4.1360"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod63.2.635"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Effect of GnRH upon sperm ability to bind to the human zona pellucida (hzp)","volume":"50","author":"Morales P.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195065954.001.0001","volume-title":"Practical laboratory andrology","author":"Mortimer D.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439\u20100272.2004.00638.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2015.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.3.8705"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.4678"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2005.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/6.4.322"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100684.1986.tb00404.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367789780887019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.003483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2005.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004\u2010032087"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod33.2.370"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1120140203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14647273.2013.807522"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939\u20104640.2003.tb03123.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.108.supplement.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.1.305"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","first-page":"190","volume-title":"The physiology of reproduction","author":"Yanagimachi R.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo\u2010108\u20104\u20101206"}],"container-title":["Reproduction in Domestic Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/rda.14216","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/rda.14216","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/rda.14216","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T23:16:23Z","timestamp":1700867783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/rda.14216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/rda.14216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rda.14216","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0936-6768","1439-0531"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0936-6768"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1439-0531"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}