{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T15:48:56Z","timestamp":1759160936650,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neat stallion semen can contain a variety of microorganisms, some of which may impair sperm quality and\/or cause infection of the mares' reproductive tract. For this reason, antibiotics are commonly added to semen extenders. A combination of gentamicin, tylosin, lincomycin and spectinomycin (GTLS) has been recommended for use, but there are no reports on the use of this mixture in equine semen extender. Penicillin and amikacin (PA) are safe for preserving sperm quality while effectively controlling bacterial growth in equine cooled stored semen, but data on frozen semen are scarce. Therefore, a bioequivalence study was performed to assess the bactericidal activity of GTLS and PA in equine frozen semen. Nine mature, healthy stallions were used in the study. Split ejaculates were processed using media without antibiotics (Control) or with different antibiotics. For the GTLS group, centrifugation medium and freezing extender were prepared with gentamicin 250\u2009\u03bcg\/ml, tylosin 50\u2009\u03bcg\/ml, lincomycin 150\u2009\u03bcg\/ml and spectinomycin 300\u2009\u03bcg\/ml. For the PA group, the centrifugation medium was prepared with potassium penicillin G (PPG) 1200\u2009units\/ml and the freezing extender was prepared with PPG 1200\u2009units\/ml and amikacin 500\u2009\u03bcg\/ml. Semen processed in extenders without antibiotics had higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u2009.005) bacterial loads throughout all cryopreservation processing steps than semen samples processed using antibiotics. There were no differences in semen bacterial load after centrifugation, 15 and 30\u00a0min after final extension, and after thawing between GTLS and PA groups, but PA had faster (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u2009.05) kill\u2010time kinetics than GTLS. Only minor differences in sperm kinetic parameters were observed among groups. In conclusion, this study demonstrated bioequivalence between GTLS and PA in mitigating end\u2010point bacterial loads. Prudent concentrations of the antibiotic mixtures evaluated in this study can be considered both effective and sperm\u2010safe for equine frozen semen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]],"date-time":"2022-11-12T05:43:07Z","timestamp":1668231787000},"page":"349-357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Penicillin and amikacin mixture has bactericidal activity equivalent to gentamicin, tylosin, lincomycin and spectinomycin mixture in equine frozen semen"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0675-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo F. 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