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From early embryonic loss to placentitis, that is typically encountered later in gestation, fetal viability and development as well as placental function can be evaluated using two fundamentally different, structural and functional, approaches. Ultrasound provides structural information on embryonic and fetal growth using such parameters as combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP), visual assessment of fetal fluids, activity, heart rate and multiple biometrics involving the fetal head and eyes, limbs and joints among many others, depending on the stage of gestation. Endocrine profiles that include progesterone and 5\u03b1\u2010dihydroprogesterone, other metabolites, androgens and estrogens can be evaluated simultaneously using liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS) providing more functional information on fetal and placental competence and development. Endocrine information can be used in making clinical decisions including the need for progestin supplementation or when it can cease, and even estimating gestational stage in mares that cannot be easily palpated or scanned, as with mini\u2010breeds or rancorous animals most notably. When used together, monitoring gestation by ultrasound and hormonal analysis provides unusual insight into feto\u2010placental well\u2010being and the progress of pregnancy, helping to identify problems needing therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T14:05:02Z","timestamp":1684245902000},"page":"34-48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pregnancy monitoring in mares: Ultrasonographic and endocrine approaches"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Catherine D.","family":"Renaudin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health &amp; Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3798-7390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan J.","family":"Conley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health &amp; Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"565","article-title":"Antepartum evaluations of the equine fetus","volume":"35","author":"Adams\u2010Brendemuehl C.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 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