{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T23:25:38Z","timestamp":1783466738039,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the canine species, early pregnancy arrest before 30\u201340\u2009days of pregnancy will induce intra\u2010uterine embryonic or foetal resorption, with very few clinical signs. If no genital examination by ultrasound is performed at that time, it will often remain unnoticed and the bitch will be qualified as infertile. It is only when pregnancy stops at a later stage, mostly after 40\u2009days, that clinical signs will be seen. Expulsion of aborted foetuses or placentas may be observed, although the dam frequently eats the expelled tissues. Intra\u2010uterine mummification may also occur. This article reviews the causes of pregnancy termination in the bitch, both at the embryonic and the foetal stages, reported in the literature. Canine brucellosis is by far the most important disease concerned in this aspect. There is an important current concern about this disease, due to the fact that several outbreaks have been observed recently in Europe, and that it is a very contagious disease; it may be an underestimated zoonosis. Other bacterial causes of pregnancy arrest are sporadic. There is, however, a growing attention towards the microbiological content of raw food diets which are more and more popular among dog breeders and may\u2014if badly prepared\u2014contain abortifacient bacteria such as<jats:italic>Campylobacter jejuni<\/jats:italic>or<jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>. The abortifacient role of endogenous vaginal bacteria and mycoplasms remains unclear and may be related to an imbalanced vaginal flora with subsequent ascending bacterial contamination of the uterus. The role of Canine Herpesvirus on abortion is controversial and probably not frequent. Other viruses have been shown experimentally to induce abortion but their natural occurrence in this respect remains unknown. The same applies to the parasite<jats:italic>Neospora caninum<\/jats:italic>which is suspected, but not proven, potentially to induce pregnancy arrest in bitches. Among non\u2010infectious causes, uterine pathology such as cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) or sub\u2010clinical post\u2010mating endometritis which can cause infertility and may also induce embryonic resorption. The role of luteal insufficiency in pregnancy arrest is probably overestimated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T05:27:40Z","timestamp":1686720460000},"page":"72-83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Causes of pregnancy arrest in the canine species"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0862-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Fontbonne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de l'Elevage et du Sport (UMES) Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d'Alfort Maisons\u2010Alfort France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA\u2010MS\u20107237"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589603300311"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00151"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"555","article-title":"Abortion in the dog due to campylobacter species","volume":"45","author":"Bulgin M. S.","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.142.6.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Recent advances in canine infectious diseases","author":"Carmichael L.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/348529"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283921"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12834\/VetIt.2497.15848.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201025651\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.145.17.481"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"The genital mycoplasma and Ureaplasma flora of healthy and diseased dogs","volume":"45","author":"Doig P. A.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304\u20104017(99)00044\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00031\u201006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1986.tb03768.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439\u20100531.2009.01376.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.j4972"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"100","article-title":"P101. Embryonic resorptions and neonatal mortality in a canine kennel with identification of uterine mycoplasma","volume":"53","author":"Furthner E.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.244.2.180"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917\u2010020\u201002710\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.958390"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"192","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21th EVSSAR congress","author":"Grassi A.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"398","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of the dog and cat","author":"Greene C. E.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.23.01.0014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.01.030"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","first-page":"1236","article-title":"Pathology of the placenta and newborn pups with suspected intrauterine infection of canine herpesvirus","volume":"40","author":"Hashimoto A.","year":"1979","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123369"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0195\u20105616(87)50053\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Canine and feline theriogenology","author":"Johnston S. D.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13227"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac425"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.02.025"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","first-page":"919","article-title":"Experimental and naturally occurring transplacental transmission of canine distemper virus","volume":"38","author":"Krakowka S.","year":"1977","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1652_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463\u20105224.2009.00690.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14406"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2006.00689.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14366"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.05.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719891083"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th EVSSAR congress","author":"Nauwynck H.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.151.7.214"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"First isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from the vaginal discharge of three bitches after abortion in South Africa","volume":"61","author":"Odendaal M. W.","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.204.05.761","article-title":"Hypothyroidism in dogs: 66 cases (1987\u20101992)","volume":"204","author":"Panciera D. L.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.88.9.229"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.22.691"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.04.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.112.15.362"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1905.121489"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Proceedings of the EVSSAR symposium","author":"Romagnoli S.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th EVSSAR congress","author":"Romagnoli S.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714545112"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.594291"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.05.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.04.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439\u20100531.2009.01445.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015\u20100282(98)00253\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21th EVSSAR congress","author":"Spergser J.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2018.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.124.7.177-b"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939\u20101676.2010.0654.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ram.2021.04.001"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","first-page":"511","article-title":"The \"other\" parvovirus: First description of the minute virus of canines (canine parvovirus type 1) in Germany","volume":"24","author":"Truyen U.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Tier\u00e4rztliche Praxis"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2707.201238"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.131.16.367"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.05.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.1804"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748\u20105827.1996.tb01936.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2008.12.004"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.204.11.1762","article-title":"Abortion and death in pregnant bitches associated with a canine vaccine contaminated with bluetongue virus","volume":"204","author":"Wilbur L. A.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"}],"container-title":["Reproduction in Domestic Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/rda.14407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T06:54:56Z","timestamp":1729580096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/rda.14407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/rda.14407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rda.14407","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0936-6768","1439-0531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0936-6768","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0531","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}