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The relation between the Proliferation Index (PI) indicated by Ki\u201067 expression, along with the Apoptotic Index (AI) determined through Caspase\u20103 expression during the oestrous cycle, is inadequately documented in existing literature. This study seeks to offer insights into the interplay between PI and AI in the CMG across oestrous cycle phases. An extensive investigation was conducted on a diverse case series of bitches (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200918). Oestrous cycle stages were determined through vaginal cytology, histological examination of the reproductive tract and serum progesterone and oestradiol concentrations. The entire mammary chain was histologically examined, and proliferation and apoptosis were assessed via double immunohistochemistry employing anti\u2010Ki\u201067 and Caspase\u20103 antibodies. PI and AI were evaluated through a systematic random sampling approach, counting a minimum of 200 cells for each cell type. There was a significantly higher PI during early dioestrus in all mammary gland components, with a greater proportion of positive cells observed in epithelial cells compared to stromal cells. The highest PI was detected in epithelial cells within the end buds. Significant differences were found in Ki\u201067 labelling across the cranial mammary glands. A positive and strong correlation was noted between progesterone concentration and PI in epithelial cells. The AI remained consistently low throughout the oestrous cycle, with few differences observed across histological components. Caspase\u20103 labelling displayed the highest positivity in caudal mammary pairs. A negative and moderate correlation was identified between progesterone concentration and AI in interlobular mesenchymal cells. This study highlights the influence of endocrine regulation on cell proliferation indices in mammary tissue, emphasizing the need to consider these hormonal variations in toxicopathological studies involving canine mammary gland.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T07:14:27Z","timestamp":1719213267000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Proliferation and apoptosis dynamics of the normal canine mammary gland during the oestrous cycle evaluated by Ki\u201067 and Caspase\u20103 indexes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6363-6952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Breno Queiroz","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o de Carn\u00edvoros Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1  Fortaleza 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C\u00f3rdova","family":"Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Histologia e Embriologia, Departamento de Microscopia, ICBAS\u2010UP, Instituto Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Universidade do Porto  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9793-1968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00facia Daniel Machado","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o de Carn\u00edvoros Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1  Fortaleza Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1350-4254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta Susana Amaro","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Histologia e Embriologia, Departamento de Microscopia, ICBAS\u2010UP, Instituto 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