{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:21:37Z","timestamp":1787016097397,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001458","name":"American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03045\u2010A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03045\u2010A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001458","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sperm morphology is an important component of dog fertility analysis. Visual examination is the gold standard technique for evaluation, but large variations within and across evaluators have been documented. Databases of sperm morphology images are valuable practical aids for training and performance testing and can improve sperm classification standardisation; however, such databases are only useful when the material is expertly classified to serve as a reference. The objective of this study was to build an expertly annotated database of sperm images and to generate an illustrated guide with examples of the different sperm morphology presentations to promote standardisation in dog sperm morphology classification. Semen samples (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200942) were obtained either from dogs presented for fertility evaluation or from semen doses used for artificial insemination. For image acquisition, wet preparations were prepared and evaluated using phase\u2010contrast optics under 1000\u00d7 magnification. Selected images were cropped so that only one sperm was included in each file, and a database of 8817 images was created. The images were classified by three veterinarians, specialists in animal reproduction (Diplomates American College of Theriogenologists) according to different criteria. Agreement among evaluators was the criterion used to create a database with reconciled classification. Complete agreement on defect category and morphological classification was observed on 70.2% of the images, and at least two veterinarians agreed on the classification of another 27.4% of the images; therefore, the reconciled database classification was based on the consensus of at least two veterinarians on 97.5% of the images. The percentage of morphologically normal sperm in the reconciled database was 57%, with the primary defect involving the sperm head, midpiece, or tail in 18%, 20%, and 5% of the cases, respectively. Among defective sperm, 39% had a single defect and 4% had multiple defects. When the total prevalence of specific defects was computed, the reconciled database contained 18% sperm head abnormalities, 22% midpiece abnormalities, and 7% tail abnormalities. Comprehensive illustrations of the variation in normal and abnormal dog sperm morphology from the database built based on reconciled expert classification are provided for reference.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.70024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T12:05:53Z","timestamp":1741694753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Standardisation of Dog Sperm Morphology Classification"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0675-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo F. C.","family":"Brito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies\u2014New Bolton Center University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco C.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara A.","family":"Kolster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Springfield Veterinary Center  Glen Allen Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104121"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.09.004"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"The Sequential Appearance of Sperm Abnormalities After Scrotal Insulation or Dexamethasone Treatment in Bulls","volume":"35","author":"Barth A. D.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Abnormal Morphology of Bovine Spermatozoa","author":"Barth A. D.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctep.2007.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.05.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2024.107615"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439\u20100531.2008.01252.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378\u20104320(03)00082\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2023.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2022.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1008\u2010682x.186880"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958\u2010019\u20100510\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201051242\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0195\u20105616(91)50060\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"Canine and Feline Theriogenology","author":"Johnston S. D.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Manual for Breeding Soundness Examination of Bulls","volume":"12","author":"Koziol J. H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Society Theriogenology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13440"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.115937"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"Oettl\u00e9 E. E.1990.\u201cSperm Abnormalities in the Dog: A Light and Electron Microscopic Study.\u201dPhD Thesis Faculty of Medicine University of Cape Town. Cape Town 247 pp."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"Sperm Morphology and Fertility in the Dog","volume":"47","author":"Oettl\u00e9 E. E.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439\u20100531.2006.00809.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2005.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748\u20105827.1987.tb01292.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317\u201034\u20104\u2010348"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.70.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0890\u20106238(96)00028\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1008\u2010682x.189207"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1008\u2010682x.187582"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12935"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","volume-title":"WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen","author":"WHO","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13504"}],"container-title":["Reproduction in Domestic Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/rda.70024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T05:31:23Z","timestamp":1741757483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/rda.70024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/rda.70024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rda.70024","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0936-6768","1439-0531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0936-6768","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0531","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70024"}}