{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T07:03:33Z","timestamp":1769583813075,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020912","name":"King Faisal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020912","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to demonstrate the vaginal tissue alterations via vaginal biopsy and hemodynamic alterations by introducing chromoendoscopy to analyse the effect of equine vaginitis on the oxidative and hormonal profile. Mares were divided into normal mares (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910) and affected mares (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910). Animals were subjected to Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation, endoscopic examination, oxidative stress was estimated, and biopsy samples were taken for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Uterine body (UB) thickness (mm), circumference (mm) and area (mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) elevated significantly in infected mares. Vaginal vascularization area elevated in the infected animals. The pattern was determined using pulsed wave Doppler. Both Doppler indices and systolic velocity declined significantly in both arteries (pudendal artery [vestibular B] and vaginal artery blood flow) in the infected group. Estradiol, insulin\u2010like growth factor (IGF\u20101) and nitric oxide metabolites (NOMs) were significantly affected by the infection in mares. A significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) associated with a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was observed in the vaginal fluid of affected animals. Chromoendoscopic examination revealed hypervisible inflamed os\u2010cervix and vaginal wall. After methylene blue (MB) addition, there was bluish discolouration of the os\u2010cervix, faint and deep bluish discolouration of the vaginal mucosa. The vaginitis group had a corrugated deep bluish colour in the mucosa. The expression of NF\u2010\u03ba\u03b2 P65 was not observed in control; however, it was expressed in the mononuclear cells infiltrating the submucosa of the vagina of the affected animal. In conclusion, Equine vaginitis is associated with decline in both Doppler indices with elevation of MDA and a declination of TAC, in addition to hyper\u2010visible inflamed os\u2010cervix and vaginal wall by endoscopy and expression of NF\u2010\u03ba\u03b2 P65.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.70040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T08:09:57Z","timestamp":1742458197000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Alterations in the Vaginal Vascular Perfusion, Chromoendoscopy and Oxidative Stress in Mares With Vaginitis and Endometritis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3137-4166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elshymaa A.","family":"Abdelnaby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine King Faisal University  Al\u2010Ahsa Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naglaa A. Abd","family":"ElKader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shimaa G.","family":"Yehia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noha Y.","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eman S.","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marwa S.","family":"Khattab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haithem A.","family":"Farghali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim A.","family":"Emam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202596"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13678"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2020.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13693"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11100479"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.04.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(03)00084-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2010.514917"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/795656"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2006.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"328","article-title":"How to Perform a Hysteroscopically Assisted Endometrial Biopsy and Foreign Body Retrieval in Mares","volume":"56","author":"Claire E. 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