{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T14:10:12Z","timestamp":1759155012627,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Extended bull sperm for artificial insemination is routinely cryopreserved and stored in liquid nitrogen (LN<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, \u2212196\u00b0C) tanks to maintain semen quality for extended periods. Bacterial contamination impairs sperm quality; however, hygienic conditions of LN<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> tanks are monitored insufficiently. This study aimed to assess the hygienic situation in routinely used LN<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> tanks under field conditions. For this purpose, 141 LN<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> tanks from 19 AI centres were sampled to provide an overview of bacterial contamination prevalence. Additionally, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed for 13 commonly used antibiotics on all bacterial species isolated from three or more LN<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> tanks. Out of 141 LN<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> tanks, 81.7% were contaminated with one (44.3%), two (26.7%), three (9.2%), or four (1.5%) bacterial species, respectively. Overall, 25 bacterial genera were found, which yielded 49 different species. Results emphasise that contamination of LN<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> tanks used in bull AI is common. Systematic monitoring and the introduction of hygiene guidelines are, therefore, recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.70120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T12:18:11Z","timestamp":1756988291000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacterial Contamination of Liquid Nitrogen Tanks Used to Store Bull <scp>AI<\/scp> Doses: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Britta","family":"Hensel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Sch\u00f6now  Bernau Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yesica","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Sch\u00f6now  Bernau Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kasten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Sch\u00f6now  Bernau Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Sch\u00f6now  Bernau Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7932-9412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Sch\u00f6now  Bernau Germany"},{"name":"Reproductive Biology of Farm Animals, Department of Crop and Animal Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer\u2010Institute for Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences Humboldt Universit\u00e4t Zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10242-1"},{"volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated From Animals; Approved Standard","year":"2024","author":"CLSI","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122431"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.12.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12769"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19396368.2021.1958028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2005.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-35982014000500004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bio.2014.0030"}],"container-title":["Reproduction in Domestic Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/rda.70120","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T13:35:27Z","timestamp":1759152927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/rda.70120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/rda.70120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rda.70120","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0936-6768","1439-0531"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0936-6768"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1439-0531"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70120"}}