{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T21:44:22Z","timestamp":1774647862334,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["123O073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["123O073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Antifreeze proteins are naturally occurring proteins that are known for their ability to inhibit ice formation. Although effective in nature, they have failed to produce the expected results in cryobiological studies. However, the lack of a significant effect when used alone has raised the following question: Could conjugation with Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    nanoparticles (Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs), which are frequently used in drug delivery studies, enable closer interaction with spermatozoa and provide cumulative protection? To address this question, bull spermatozoa were used. First, Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs (~6\u2009nm) and AFP III\u2010conjugated Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs (AFP III@Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs) were synthesised and characterised by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, and FTIR spectroscopy to confirm the conjugation. Then, sperm samples collected from five different Holstein bulls for five replications were diluted with AndroMed extender and divided into five groups: control, Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs only, AFP III only (0.1 and 0.5\u2009\u03bcg\/mL), and AFP III@Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs (0.042 and 0.075\u2009\u03bcg\/mL). After cryopreservation, spermatological parameters and DNA condensation were analysed. The AFP III@Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs (0.075\u2009\u03bcg\/mL) exhibited significantly higher motility and DNA integrity compared to the other treatment groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). However, no statistically significant differences were observed in mitochondrial membrane potential, membrane, and acrosomal integrity. Analyses of motility and DNA damage supported the protective effect of the AFP III@Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs 0.075\u2009\u03bcg\/mL formulation. Thus, we have demonstrated the applicability of AFP III@Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs, for the first time, in bull sperm cryopreservation and have introduced a novel nano\u2010biotechnological approach for improving the success of assisted reproductive technologies in livestock.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.70132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T23:37:56Z","timestamp":1759793876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of\n                    <scp>AFP III<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Conjugated\n                    <scp>\n                      Fe\n                      <sub>3<\/sub>\n                      O\n                      <sub>4<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Nanoparticles on Bull Sperm Cryopreservation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3053-4615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Erdem","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Erciyes University  Kayseri T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"ReproFellas Research Group, ArGePark Research Center Erciyes University  Kayseri T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyma","family":"Dadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Sivas University of Science and Technology  Sivas T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Bodu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ReproFellas Research Group, ArGePark Research Center Erciyes University  Kayseri T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Selcuk University  Konya T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oya","family":"Korkmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine Malatya Turgut Ozal University  Malatya T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8616-7068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunus Emre","family":"Atay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ReproFellas Research Group, ArGePark Research Center Erciyes University  Kayseri T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Erciyes University  Kayseri T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serpil","family":"Sariozkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Erciyes University  Kayseri T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2208-1361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramazan","family":"Uzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic and Stem Cell Research Center Erciyes University  Kayseri T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halil Aydin","family":"Simsek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Super Genetic Sperm Production Farm  Konya T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5991-3934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"Ocsoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Erciyes University  Kayseri 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