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Most studies use ejaculated sperm for clarification. This approach has limitations; nevertheless, as ejaculated sperm have already been exposed to their own native sEVs, which hinders the assessment of their specific roles. This study aimed to evaluate the potential impact of small (S\u2010) and large (L\u2010) sEVs on capacitation\u2010related parameters of epididymal porcine spermatozoa. Frozen\u2013thawed epididymal sperm were incubated in a non\u2010capacitating medium with or without S\u2010 or L\u2010sEVs at 37\u00b0C under 5% CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    for 3\u2009h. Acrosome integrity, membrane lipid disorder, intracellular Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and protein tyrosine phosphorylation (pTyr) were assessed by flow cytometry at 30\u2009min and 3\u2009h of incubation. Both S\u2010sEVs and L\u2010sEVs decreased (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) membrane lipid disorder at 30\u2009min, but not at 3\u2009h. L\u2010sEVs increased (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) intracellular Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    levels at 30\u2009min and decreased (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) pTyr at 3\u2009h. These results demonstrate a differential, time\u2010dependent modulation of capacitation\u2010related parameters by S\u2010 and L\u2010sEVs in porcine epididymal spermatozoa. This provides direct evidence of their primary effects on spermatozoa not exposed to seminal plasma.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.70222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:11:56Z","timestamp":1790827916000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Small and Large Seminal Extracellular Vesicles Differentially Modulate Capacitation\u2010Related Parameters in Frozen\u2013Thawed Porcine Epididymal Spermatozoa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Patricia","family":"Panales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Murcia  Murcia Spain"},{"name":"International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research Campus Mare Nostrum, Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB\u2010Arrixaca), University of Murcia  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Murcia  Murcia Spain"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University  Yangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Murcia  Murcia Spain"},{"name":"International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research Campus Mare Nostrum, Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB\u2010Arrixaca), University of Murcia  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Murcia  Murcia Spain"},{"name":"International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research Campus Mare Nostrum, Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB\u2010Arrixaca), University of Murcia  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7414-3149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiomara","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Murcia  Murcia Spain"},{"name":"International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research Campus Mare Nostrum, Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB\u2010Arrixaca), University of Murcia  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2209-340X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Yeste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona  Girona Spain"},{"name":"Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences University of Girona  Girona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Murcia  Murcia Spain"},{"name":"International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research Campus Mare Nostrum, Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB\u2010Arrixaca), University of Murcia  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9873-814X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Barranco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Murcia  Murcia Spain"},{"name":"International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research Campus Mare Nostrum, Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB\u2010Arrixaca), University of Murcia  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2014.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11315"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2025.117638"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20623"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14213135"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"601","volume-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology","author":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010D\u00edaz 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