{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:18:39Z","timestamp":1788351519764,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    South American camelids (SAC), including llamas (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Lama glama<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and alpacas (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Vicugna pacos<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), exhibit distinctive reproductive features, such as induced ovulation and highly viscous seminal plasma (SP), that complicate conventional semen collection and objective sperm evaluation. Consequently, spermatozoa recovered from the cauda epididymis or through surgical\n                    <jats:italic>vas deferens<\/jats:italic>\n                    deviation (VDD) have become valuable alternatives for research and germplasm preservation. These sperm sources also provide a unique opportunity to investigate sperm physiology in the absence of SP. This review critically compares the functional characteristics of ejaculated, epididymal and VDD\u2010derived spermatozoa and examines how methodological variables, including collection procedures, post\u2010mortem interval, tissue handling and surgical protocols, contribute to variability among studies. Current evidence indicates that many functional differences observed among sperm sources, particularly in motility and plasma membrane functionality, are largely associated with the presence or absence of SP rather than intrinsic differences in sperm quality. These findings support a reinterpretation of SP as a physiological regulator of sperm quiescence, membrane stability and functional competence rather than merely a technical obstacle. We also review advanced analytical approaches, including flow cytometry and imaging flow cytometry, highlighting their potential to improve the evaluation of camelid sperm physiology and cryobiology, while summarizing current evidence on the developmental competence of sperm from different anatomical sources for in\u00a0vitro embryo production. Overall, this review provides an updated synthesis of the literature, identifies major methodological limitations and highlights priorities for future research to advance reproductive biotechnologies in SAC.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.70304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T06:28:51Z","timestamp":1786170531000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Influence of Sperm Origin on Function, Preservation and Embryo Development in South American Camelids"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3916-3504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana Mar\u00eda","family":"Giuliano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda en Reproducci\u00f3n Animal (INITRA) Universidad de Buenos Aires  Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4997-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Ignacia","family":"Carretero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda en Reproducci\u00f3n Animal (INITRA) Universidad de Buenos Aires  Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET)  Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7135-5106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyntia","family":"Medina Escalante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Animal, Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda  Arequipa Peru"},{"name":"Escuela Profesional de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00edas Biol\u00f3gicas y Qu\u00edmicas Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda  Arequipa Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5833-6442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Sanz Lude\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Profesional de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00edas Biol\u00f3gicas y Qu\u00edmicas Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda  Arequipa Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximena","family":"Barriga Marcapura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Animal, Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda  Arequipa Peru"},{"name":"Escuela Profesional de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00edas Biol\u00f3gicas y Qu\u00edmicas Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda  Arequipa Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvana","family":"Apichela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas (INSIBIO) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas \u2013 Universidad Nacional de Tucum\u00e1n (CONICET\u2010UNT)  San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n Argentina"},{"name":"Facultad de Bioqu\u00edmica, Qu\u00edmica y Farmacia, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda \u201cDr. Francisco D. Barbieri\u201d UNT  San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n Argentina"},{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Reproducci\u00f3n Animal, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda, Zootecnia y Veterinaria UNT  San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6359-3999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Reategui\u2010Ordo\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Animal, Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda  Arequipa Peru"},{"name":"Escuela Profesional de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00edas Biol\u00f3gicas y Qu\u00edmicas Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda  Arequipa Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.611301"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.15381\/rivep.v23i1.882","article-title":"Inseminaci\u00f3n Artificial de Alpacas con Semen Colectado por Aspiraci\u00f3n Vaginal y Vagina Artificial","volume":"23","author":"Alarc\u00f3n V. 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