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Disease phenotypes (e.g. chronic bronchitis, emphysema, etc.) often overlap, and significant confusion exists about their optimal nosologic characterization. Obstructive sleep apnoea (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSA<\/jats:styled-content>) is also a common condition that features bidirectional interactions with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLD<\/jats:styled-content>. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSA<\/jats:styled-content> appears to be more commonly seen in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLD<\/jats:styled-content>, perhaps as a result of shared risk factors, for example obesity, smoking, increased airway resistance, local and systemic inflammation, anti\u2010inflammatory therapy. Conversely, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSA<\/jats:styled-content> is associated with worse clinical outcomes in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLD<\/jats:styled-content>, and continuous positive airway pressure therapy has potential beneficial effects on this vicious pathophysiological interaction. Possible shared mechanistic links include increased parasympathetic tone, hypoxaemia\u2010related reflex bronchoconstriction\/vasoconstriction, irritation of upper airway neural receptors, altered nocturnal neurohormonal secretion, pro\u2010inflammatory mediators, within and inter\u2010breath interactions between upper and lower airways, lung volume\u2010airway dependence, etc. While the term overlap syndrome has been defined as the comorbid association of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COPD<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSA<\/jats:styled-content>, the interaction between asthma and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSA<\/jats:styled-content> has not been integrated yet nosologically; in this review, the latter will be called alternative overlap syndrome. In an effort to bolster further investigations in this area, an integrated, lumping nomenclature for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSA<\/jats:styled-content> in the setting of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLD<\/jats:styled-content> is proposed here\u2014<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLDOSA<\/jats:styled-content> (obstructive lung disease and obstructive sleep apnoea) syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]],"date-time":"2013-01-31T13:50:24Z","timestamp":1359640224000},"page":"421-431","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Integrating the overlap of obstructive lung disease and obstructive sleep apnoea: <scp>OLDOSA<\/scp> syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Octavian C.","family":"Ioachimescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Teodorescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William S. 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