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The pathophysiology of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALI<\/jats:styled-content> involves complex interactions between the inciting event, such as pneumonia, sepsis or aspiration, and the host immune response resulting in lung protein permeability, impaired resolution of pulmonary oedema, an intense inflammatory response in the injured alveolus and hypoxemia. In multiple preclinical studies, adult stem cells have been shown to be therapeutic due to both the ability to mitigate injury and inflammation through paracrine mechanisms and perhaps to regenerate tissue by virtue of their multi\u2010potency. These characteristics have stimulated intensive research efforts to explore the possibility of using stem or progenitor cells for the treatment of lung injury. A variety of stem or progenitor cells have been isolated, characterized and tested experimentally in preclinical animal models of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALI<\/jats:styled-content>. However, questions remain concerning the optimal dose, route and the adult stem or progenitor cell to use. Here, the current mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of stem cells in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALI<\/jats:styled-content> as well as the questions that will arise as clinical trials for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALI<\/jats:styled-content> are planned are reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,12]],"date-time":"2013-04-12T09:13:09Z","timestamp":1365757989000},"page":"744-756","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Adult stem cells for acute lung injury: Remaining questions and concerns"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ying\u2010Gang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine Huadong Hospital Fudan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University of California  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Monsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University of California  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao\u2010Mei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Ruijin Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae\u2010Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University of California  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421806"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050333"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421801"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10570"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5356.1528"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00328-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181f96f5f"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181f30dee"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.643"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells\u2014a promising therapy for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Hayes M","year":"2012","journal-title":"F1000 Med. 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