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An alternative to classic organ replacement is desperately needed. Engineering of bioartificial organs using either natural or synthetic scaffolds is an exciting new potential option for generation of functional pulmonary tissue for human clinical application. Natural organ scaffolds can be generated by decellularization of native tissues; these acellular scaffolds retain the native organ ultrastructure and can be seeded with autologous cells towards the goal of regenerating functional tissues. Several decellularization strategies have been employed for lungs; however, there is no consensus on the optimal approach. A variety of cell types have been investigated as potential candidates for effective recellularization of acellular lung scaffolds. Candidate cells that might be best utilized are those which can be easily and reproducibly isolated, expanded <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, seeded onto decellularized matrices, induced to differentiate into pulmonary lineage cells, and which survive to functional maturity. Whole lung cell suspensions, endogenous progenitor cells, embryonic and adult stem cells and induced pluripotent stem (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iPS<\/jats:styled-content>) cells have been investigated for their applicability to repopulate acellular lung matrices. Ideally, patient\u2010derived autologous cells would be used for lung recellularization as they have the potential to reduce the need for post\u2010transplant immunosuppression. Several studies have performed transplantation of rudimentary bioengineered lung scaffolds in animal models with limited, short\u2010term functionality but much further study is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]],"date-time":"2013-04-25T07:39:28Z","timestamp":1366875568000},"page":"895-911","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Can stem cells be used to generate new lungs? <i>Ex vivo<\/i> lung bioengineering with decellularized whole lung scaffolds"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Darcy E.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Vermont College of Medicine  Burlington Vermont"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan W.","family":"Bonvillain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vascular Biology University of Connecticut Health Center  Farmington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Connecticut Children's Medical Center  Hartford Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Bunnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Finck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Connecticut Children's Medical Center  Hartford 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