{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T22:51:47Z","timestamp":1785192707567,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,28]],"date-time":"2013-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1382918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respirology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title>A combined pulmonary fibrosis\/emphysema syndrome has been proposed, but the basis for this syndrome is currently uncertain. The aim was to evaluate the prevalence of emphysema in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF<\/jats:styled-content>) and rheumatoid lung (rheumatoid arthritis\u2010interstitial lung disease (RA\u2010ILD<\/jats:styled-content>)), and to compare the morphological features of lung fibrosis between smokers and non\u2010smokers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Using high\u2010resolution computed tomography, the prevalence of emphysema and the pack\u2010year smoking histories associated with emphysema were compared between current\/ex\u2010smokers with IPF<\/jats:styled-content> (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009186) or RA\u2010ILD<\/jats:styled-content> (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200946), and non\u2010chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD<\/jats:styled-content>) controls (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009103) and COPD<\/jats:styled-content> controls (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200934). The coarseness of fibrosis was compared between smokers and non\u2010smokers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Emphysema, present in 66\/186 (35%) patients with IPF<\/jats:styled-content> and 22\/46 (48%) smokers with RA\u2010ILD<\/jats:styled-content>, was associated with lower pack\u2010year smoking histories than in control groups (P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.05 for all comparisons). The presence of emphysema in IPF<\/jats:styled-content> was positively linked to the pack\u2010year smoking history (odds ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI<\/jats:styled-content>) 1.02\u20131.06, P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.0005). In IPF<\/jats:styled-content>, fibrosis was coarser in smokers than in non\u2010smokers on univariate and multivariate analysis (P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.01 for all comparisons). In RA\u2010ILD<\/jats:styled-content>, fibrosis was coarser in patients with emphysema but did not differ significantly between smokers and non\u2010smokers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>In IPF<\/jats:styled-content> and RA\u2010ILD<\/jats:styled-content>, a high prevalence of concurrent emphysema, in association with low pack\u2010year smoking histories, and an association between coarser pulmonary fibrosis and a history of smoking in IPF<\/jats:styled-content> together provide support for possible pathogenetic linkage to smoking in both diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,2]],"date-time":"2013-07-02T11:22:02Z","timestamp":1372764122000},"page":"1191-1196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Smoking\u2010related emphysema is associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and rheumatoid lung"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Katerina M.","family":"Antoniou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interstitial Lung Disease Unit Royal Brompton Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon L.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Royal Brompton Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Hansell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Royal Brompton Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Rubens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Royal Brompton Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Marten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University Hospital of Wuerzburg Wuerzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Tennant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trials Unit Royal Brompton Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Hansel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trials Unit Royal Brompton Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujal R.","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology King's College Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos M.","family":"Siafakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interstitial Lung Disease Unit Department of Thoracic Medicine Medical School University of Crete Heraklion Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland M","family":"du Bois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athol U.","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interstitial Lung Disease Unit Royal Brompton Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200703-456SO"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200603-058MS"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri803"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32801127c8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.031021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-009-1308-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"807","article-title":"Lung volumes and emphysema in smokers with interstitial lung abnormalities","volume":"304","author":"Washko GR","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. 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