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In asthma, for example, young boys have increased exacerbations and higher morbidity than girls which distinctly reverses after adolescence and into adulthood. In <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COPD<\/jats:styled-content>, a disease that was historically considered an illness of men, the number of women dying per year is now greater than in men. Finally, women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010related bronchiectasis have a decreased median life expectancy relative to men and a higher risk of respiratory infections despite equal prevalence of the disease. A number of studies now exist demonstrating mechanisms behind these sex differences, including influences of genetic predisposition, sex hormones and comorbidities. The notable sex disparity has potential diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications and for the practicing respiratory or general physician, a familiarity with these distinctions may augment effective management of patients with airway diseases. This review seeks to concisely summarize the data regarding gender\u2010based differences in airway diseases, outline the current understanding of contributing factors and discuss therapeutic implications for clinicians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,18]],"date-time":"2015-12-18T06:57:00Z","timestamp":1450421820000},"page":"449-459","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Increasing awareness of sex differences in airway diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Deepa","family":"Raghavan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Department of Medicine University of Arkansas Medical Sciences  Little Rock Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raksha","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Department of Medicine University of Texas Southwestern  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60781-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0901-777"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/ers.12.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00042107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70101-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"AkinbamiLJ MoormanJ BaileyCB ZahranHS KingM JohnsonCA LiuX Trends in asthma prevalence health care use and mortality in the United States 2001\u20132010.2012: Center for Disease Control\/National Center for Health Statistics."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-201249"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62055-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.05.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200904-0497OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2013.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200606-828OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"779","article-title":"Patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and health outcomes among COPD phenotypes","volume":"7","author":"Allen\u2010Ramey FC","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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