{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T18:27:59Z","timestamp":1759775279164},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]],"date-time":"2016-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"NHMRC of Australia","award":["513842","1045824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["513842","1045824"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respirology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>While chronic inflammation of the airway wall and the failure of deep inspiration (DI) to produce bronchodilation are both common to asthma, whether pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines modulate the airway smooth muscle response to strain during DI is unknown. The primary aim of the study was to determine how an inflammatory environment (simulated by the use of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines) alters the bronchodilatory response to DI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used whole porcine bronchial segments <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> that were cultured in medium containing tumour necrosis factor and interleukin\u20101\u03b2 for 2\u2009days. A custom\u2010built servo\u2010controlled syringe pump and pressure transducer was used to measure airway narrowing and to simulate tidal breathing with intermittent DI manoeuvres.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Culture with tumour necrosis factor and interleukin\u20101\u03b2 increased airway narrowing to acetylcholine but did not affect the bronchodilatory response to DI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The failure of DI to produce bronchodilation in patients with asthma may not necessarily involve a direct effect of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines on airway tissue. A relationship between inflammation and airway hyper\u2010responsiveness is supported, however, regulated by separate disease processes than those which attenuate or abolish the bronchodilatory response to DI in patients with asthma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,21]],"date-time":"2016-05-21T21:59:13Z","timestamp":1463867953000},"page":"1041-1048","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["TNF and IL\u20101\u03b2 exposure increases airway narrowing but does not alter the bronchodilatory response to deep inspiration in airway segments"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Thomas K.","family":"Ansell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University  Murdoch"},{"name":"School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology University of Western Australia  Crawley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Howard W.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology University of Western Australia  Crawley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter K.","family":"McFawn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology University of Western Australia  Crawley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter B.","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology University of Western Australia  Crawley Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Paediatrics and Child Health University of Western Australia  Crawley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"The shape of the dose\u2013response curve to histamine in asthmatic and normal subjects","volume":"130","author":"Woolcock AJ","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. 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