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Whilst in high\u2010income countries, the predominant burden of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAP<\/jats:styled-content>is in the elderly and those with chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary co\u2010morbidity,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAP<\/jats:styled-content>patients in low\u2010income settings are often of working age and, in sub\u2010Saharan Africa, frequently<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive. Although region\u2010specific aetiological data are limited, they are sufficient to highlight major trends: in high\u2010burden settings, tuberculosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content>) is a common cause of acute<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAP<\/jats:styled-content>; Gram\u2010negative pathogens such as<jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>are regionally important; and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010associated opportunistic infections are common but difficult to diagnose. These differences in epidemiology and aetiological profile suggest that modified approaches to diagnosis, severity assessment and empirical antimicrobial therapy of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAP<\/jats:styled-content>are necessary, but tailored individualized management approaches are constrained by limitations in the availability of radiological and laboratory diagnostic services, as well as medical expertise. The widespread introduction of the Xpert<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTB<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIF<\/jats:styled-content>platform represents a major advance for<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content>diagnosis, but innovations in rapid diagnostics for other opportunistic pathogens are urgently needed. Severity assessment tools (e.g.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CURB65<\/jats:styled-content>) that are used to guide early management decisions in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAP<\/jats:styled-content>have not been widely validated in low\u2010income settings and locally adapted tools are required. The optimal approach to initial antimicrobial therapy choices such as the need to provide early empirical cover for atypical bacteria and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content>remain poorly defined. Improvements in supportive care such as correcting hypoxaemia and intravenous fluid management represent opportunities for substantial reductions in mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]],"date-time":"2017-07-06T10:06:52Z","timestamp":1499335612000},"page":"1276-1287","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Pneumonia in the developing world:<scp>C<\/scp>haracteristic features and approach to management"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0701-8364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Aston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Global Health University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit Royal Liverpool University Hospital Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","unstructured":"World Bank. 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