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Patients with chronic co\u2010morbid illness, those at the extremes of age and pregnant women are at higher risks of complications requiring hospitalization, whereas young adults and obese individuals were also at increased risk during the A(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H1N1<\/jats:styled-content>) pandemic in 2009. Avian influenza A(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H5N1<\/jats:styled-content>) and A(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H7N9<\/jats:styled-content>) viruses have continued to circulate widely in some poultry populations and infect humans sporadically since 1997 and 2013, respectively. The recent upsurge in human cases of A(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H7N9<\/jats:styled-content>) infections in Mainland China is of great concern. Sporadic human cases of avian A(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H5N6<\/jats:styled-content>), A(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H10N8<\/jats:styled-content>) and A(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H6N1<\/jats:styled-content>) have also emerged in recent years while there are also widespread poultry outbreaks due to A(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H5N8<\/jats:styled-content>) in many countries. Observational studies have shown that treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAI<\/jats:styled-content>) for adults hospitalized with severe influenza is associated with lower mortality and better clinical outcomes, especially when administered early in the course of illness. Whether higher than standard doses of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAI<\/jats:styled-content> would provide greater antiviral effects in such patients will require further investigation. 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