{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T14:19:37Z","timestamp":1789913977375,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]],"date-time":"2017-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Respiratory Diseases in M\u00e9xico"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respirology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lung biopsies from patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HP<\/jats:styled-content>) have demonstrated small airway (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SA<\/jats:styled-content>) involvement, but there is no information concerning <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SA<\/jats:styled-content> function in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HP<\/jats:styled-content>, and it is unknown whether pharmacological treatment could modify its function. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SA<\/jats:styled-content> function in patients with chronic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HP<\/jats:styled-content> using ultrasonic pneumography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UPG<\/jats:styled-content>) and impulse oscillometry (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IOS<\/jats:styled-content>) was explored. We also compared initial results with those obtained after 4\u2009weeks of standardized treatment with azathioprine and prednisone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study group consisted of adults with recent diagnoses of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HP<\/jats:styled-content>. All patients completed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UPG<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IOS<\/jats:styled-content>, spirometry, body plethysmography, single\u2010breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DL<jats:sub>CO<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>) and the 6\u2010min walk test (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">6MWT<\/jats:styled-content>). The fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FE<jats:sub>NO<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>) was obtained to assess eosinophilic airway inflammation. Measurements were taken at diagnosis and after 4\u2009weeks of treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 20 consecutive patients (16 women) with chronic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HP<\/jats:styled-content> participated in the study. Median age was 50\u2009years (interquartile range (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQR<\/jats:styled-content>): 42\u201354). At diagnosis, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UPG<\/jats:styled-content> phase 3 slope was abnormally high, consistent with maldistribution of ventilation. For <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IOS<\/jats:styled-content>, all patients had low reactance at 5\u2009Hz (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">X5<\/jats:styled-content>) and elevated reactance area (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AX<\/jats:styled-content>) reflecting low compliance, and only eight (40%) patients had elevated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R5<\/jats:styled-content> (resistance at 5\u2009Hz (total)) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R5<\/jats:styled-content>\u201320 (resistance at 5\u2009Hz\u2013resistance at 20\u2009Hz (peripheral)) attributed to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SA<\/jats:styled-content> resistance. In contrast, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FE<jats:sub>NO<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> parameters were within normal limits. After treatment, forced vital capacity (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FVC<\/jats:styled-content>), the 6\u2010min walk distance and the distribution of ventilation showed significant improvement, although <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DL<jats:sub>CO<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> did not.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with chronic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HP<\/jats:styled-content> have <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SA<\/jats:styled-content> abnormalities that are partially revealed by the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UPG<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IOS<\/jats:styled-content> tests. Lung volumes, but not gas exchange, improved after treatment with azathioprine and prednisone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]],"date-time":"2017-07-27T00:32:39Z","timestamp":1501115559000},"page":"1637-1642","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Small airway dysfunction in chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1890-2849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selene","family":"Guerrero Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Physiology National Institute of Respiratory Diseases  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"S\u00e1nchez Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Physiology National Institute of Respiratory Diseases  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidegger","family":"Mateos Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interstitial Lung Diseases Clinic National Institute of Respiratory Diseases  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayra","family":"Mej\u00eda \u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interstitial Lung Diseases Clinic National Institute of Respiratory Diseases  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gochicoa\u2010Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Physiology National Institute of Respiratory Diseases  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Miguel Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma Clinic National Institute of Respiratory Diseases  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mois\u00e9s","family":"Selman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit National Institute of Respiratory Diseases  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Torre\u2010Bouscoulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Physiology National Institute of Respiratory Diseases  Mexico City Mexico"},{"name":"Research Unit National Institute of Respiratory Diseases  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2479"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0513CI"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.3.9710036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.110.2.371"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"577","article-title":"Alveolitis al\u00e9rgica extr\u00ednseca. 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